Медицина · 2 курс · МУ София

Биофизика

Биофизика се изучава в 2 курс на специалност Медицина в Медицински университет – София, а конспектът обхваща 30 теми. Започва с термодинамиката, неравновесната термодинамика, биоенергетиката и термодинамиката на биополимерите, после преминава към биомембраните: мембранните белтъци, моделните мембрани, мембраната на еритроцита и молекулната подвижност. Следват свободните радикали, липидната пероксидация и оксидативният стрес, мембранният транспорт, мембранният потенциал, потенциалът на покой и акционният потенциал, повърхностният заряд, електрокинетичните явления и пасивните електрични свойства на тъканите. Накрая са механиката на тъканите, мембраните, съдовете и кръвта и нанотехнологиите в медицината. В AceMed има записка за всяка тема, общо около час и половина четене, с 43 обозначени изображения, 13 таблици и 437 флашкарти.

Целият конспект на МУ София по Биофизика, медицина, 2 курс: 30 теми, всяка с безплатна записка (80 минути четене), и 437 флашкарти. Обновено на 2 ноември 2026 г.

теми в конспекта: 30
безплатни записки: 30
флашкарти: 437
четене: 80 мин

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Конспект

Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ София. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.

1. Basic concepts of thermodynamics, entropy, thermodynamic potentials4. Biothermodynamics - basics: basic concepts. First law of thermodynamics, internal energy. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy · 5. Biothermodynamics - potentials: entropy as a measure of disorder and probability. Third law. Thermodynamic potentials - definitions, changes, consequences5 мин · 16 флашкарти
2. Basics of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of living systems7. The entropy in open systems: validity of the laws of thermodynamics in living systems. The change of entropy in an open system. Steady state and thermodynamic equilibrium · 8. Fundamentals of nonequilibrium biothermodynamics: linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics - generalized fluxes and driving forces. Flux conjugation criteria. A steady state close to equilibrium5 мин · 14 флашкарти
3. Bioenergetics6. Bioenergetics - basics: energy sources, types of work and heat in the living systems. Electrochemical potential, free energy and direction of processes2 мин · 16 флашкарти
4. Thermodynamics of biopolymers3 мин · 17 флашкарти
5. Biomembranes - functions, types, composition. Membrane lipids9. Biomembranes - composition, types and functions. Membrane lipids: subject and importance of biological membranology, types of membranes. Functions and basic chemical composition of biomembranes. Membrane phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol3 мин · 15 флашкарти
6. Biomembranes - role of membrane proteins. Methods for investigation of biomembranes10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 14 флашкарти
7. Model membranes. Fluid-mosaic model of membrane. Lipid rafts10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 14 флашкарти
8. The erythrocyte membrane - characteristics10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 15 флашкарти
9. Model membranes - monolayer, BLM, liposome11. Artificial membranes: lipid associates and model artificial membranes - types, preparation methods, properties and significance. Liposomes as drug carriers3 мин · 14 флашкарти
10. Molecular mobility in membranes. Phase transitions12. Properties and phase behavior of membranes: phase transition in the lipid bilayers. Lamellar and nonlamellar liquid crystal phases. Mobility of the membrane components - lateral and transversal diffusion2 мин · 15 флашкарти
11. Free radicals in living systems13. Free radical processes in living systems 1: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 12 флашкарти
12. Lipid peroxidation of membrane lipids14. Free radical processes in living systems 2: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 15 флашкарти
13. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense14. Free radical processes in living systems 2: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 15 флашкарти
14. Passive membrane transport15. Membrane transport 1: subject and importance of membrane transport. Types of transport (classification). Free diffusion of non-charged particles - first and second Fick's laws. The Stokes-Einstein equation1 мин · 12 флашкарти
15. Diffusion of ions16. Membrane transport 2: free diffusion of ions - the Nernst-Planck equation, dimensionless potential. Non-free diffusion through a pored membrane1 мин · 14 флашкарти
16. Transport of water solutions across membranes17. Membrane transport 3: osmosis and filtration. Dialysis and hemodialysis. Water exchange through membranes and between blood and tissues4 мин · 14 флашкарти
17. Facilitated transport18. Membrane transport 4: facilitated diffusion. Ionophores - mobile carriers (valinomycin) and channel-forming carriers (gramicidin A). Principles of action, molecular structure and selectivity3 мин · 14 флашкарти
18. Active transport19. Membrane transport 5: active transport. Sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump - importance, role of ATP, molecular structure and model of action. Types of active transport with examples3 мин · 13 флашкарти
19. Membrane potentials20. Biopotentials - basics: diffusion, equilibrium (Nernst) and Donnan potentials - conditions and mechanisms of generation, dependencies on concentration and time2 мин · 14 флашкарти
20. Resting potential21. Resting potential: origin of the resting potential - theories. Goldman equation. The effect of electrogenic pump. Resting potential components2 мин · 14 флашкарти
21. Action potential22. Action potential: nature, formation, propagation. The Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Ion channels - model structure, effects of toxins and drugs4 мин · 15 флашкарти
22. Surface electric charge of cells. Electric double layer of charged membranes23. Surface electric charge of cells and tissues. Electrokinetic phenomena: origin of the surface electric charge - double electric layer and potential distribution. Stability of charged particle suspensions. Electrophoretic mobility - dependence on pH and ionic strength. Types of electrophoresis3 мин · 15 флашкарти
23. Electrokinetic phenomena. Electrophoresis23. Surface electric charge of cells and tissues. Electrokinetic phenomena: origin of the surface electric charge - double electric layer and potential distribution. Stability of charged particle suspensions. Electrophoretic mobility - dependence on pH and ionic strength. Types of electrophoresis3 мин · 15 флашкарти
24. Passive electrical properties of cells and tissues24. Passive electric properties of cells and tissues: electroconductivity of cells and tissues for DC and AC. Types of polarization of dielectrics and heterogeneous systems. Electroporation and electrofusion. Impedance and dispersion of the dielectric permittivity. Applications in medicine3 мин · 16 флашкарти
25. Mechanics of tissues1. Biomechanics 1: subject and importance of biomechanics. Rheology of the solid materials. Viscoelastic properties of bones and muscles2 мин · 15 флашкарти
26. Mechanics of biological membranes3 мин · 15 флашкарти
27. Mechanics of vascular and respiratory systems2. Biomechanics 2: passive mechanical properties of blood vessels - Lamé's equation, volume-pressure dependencies. Pulse wave. Mechanics of breathing2 мин · 14 флашкарти
28. Mechanical properties of blood3. Biomechanics 3: hemorheology - rheological characteristics of the blood. Dependence of blood viscosity on the hematocrit, deformability and aggregation of the red blood cells4 мин · 13 флашкарти
29. Nanotechnologies in medicine - drug nanocarriers25. Nanotechnologies in medicine 1: basic notions and terminology. Characteristics of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles and nanocapsules as drug carriers. Types of nanocarriers. Targeting and controlled release of drugs. Interaction with cells3 мин · 16 флашкарти
30. Nanotechnologies in medicine - diagnostic methods, biomaterials26. Nanotechnologies in medicine 2: nanotechnologies in medical diagnostics. Early in vitro diagnostics. Nanosensors - detection mechanisms and types. Nanoparticles in imaging diagnostics. Nanotechnologies in tissue engineering and for new biocompatible materials2 мин · 16 флашкарти

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Конспект

Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ София. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.

1. Basic concepts of thermodynamics, entropy, thermodynamic potentials4. Biothermodynamics - basics: basic concepts. First law of thermodynamics, internal energy. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy · 5. Biothermodynamics - potentials: entropy as a measure of disorder and probability. Third law. Thermodynamic potentials - definitions, changes, consequences5 мин · 16 флашкарти
2. Basics of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of living systems7. The entropy in open systems: validity of the laws of thermodynamics in living systems. The change of entropy in an open system. Steady state and thermodynamic equilibrium · 8. Fundamentals of nonequilibrium biothermodynamics: linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics - generalized fluxes and driving forces. Flux conjugation criteria. A steady state close to equilibrium5 мин · 14 флашкарти
3. Bioenergetics6. Bioenergetics - basics: energy sources, types of work and heat in the living systems. Electrochemical potential, free energy and direction of processes2 мин · 16 флашкарти
4. Thermodynamics of biopolymers3 мин · 17 флашкарти
5. Biomembranes - functions, types, composition. Membrane lipids9. Biomembranes - composition, types and functions. Membrane lipids: subject and importance of biological membranology, types of membranes. Functions and basic chemical composition of biomembranes. Membrane phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol3 мин · 15 флашкарти
6. Biomembranes - role of membrane proteins. Methods for investigation of biomembranes10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 14 флашкарти
7. Model membranes. Fluid-mosaic model of membrane. Lipid rafts10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 14 флашкарти
8. The erythrocyte membrane - characteristics10. Membrane proteins and models: membrane proteins and glycoproteins - functions, localization and binding. Membrane models and methods of investigation of biomembranes. The erythrocyte membranes2 мин · 15 флашкарти
9. Model membranes - monolayer, BLM, liposome11. Artificial membranes: lipid associates and model artificial membranes - types, preparation methods, properties and significance. Liposomes as drug carriers3 мин · 14 флашкарти
10. Molecular mobility in membranes. Phase transitions12. Properties and phase behavior of membranes: phase transition in the lipid bilayers. Lamellar and nonlamellar liquid crystal phases. Mobility of the membrane components - lateral and transversal diffusion2 мин · 15 флашкарти
11. Free radicals in living systems13. Free radical processes in living systems 1: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 12 флашкарти
12. Lipid peroxidation of membrane lipids14. Free radical processes in living systems 2: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 15 флашкарти
13. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense14. Free radical processes in living systems 2: free radicals - generation in biological systems. Types of free radicals, basic reactions for formation and registration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 мин · 15 флашкарти
14. Passive membrane transport15. Membrane transport 1: subject and importance of membrane transport. Types of transport (classification). Free diffusion of non-charged particles - first and second Fick's laws. The Stokes-Einstein equation1 мин · 12 флашкарти
15. Diffusion of ions16. Membrane transport 2: free diffusion of ions - the Nernst-Planck equation, dimensionless potential. Non-free diffusion through a pored membrane1 мин · 14 флашкарти
16. Transport of water solutions across membranes17. Membrane transport 3: osmosis and filtration. Dialysis and hemodialysis. Water exchange through membranes and between blood and tissues4 мин · 14 флашкарти
17. Facilitated transport18. Membrane transport 4: facilitated diffusion. Ionophores - mobile carriers (valinomycin) and channel-forming carriers (gramicidin A). Principles of action, molecular structure and selectivity3 мин · 14 флашкарти
18. Active transport19. Membrane transport 5: active transport. Sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump - importance, role of ATP, molecular structure and model of action. Types of active transport with examples3 мин · 13 флашкарти
19. Membrane potentials20. Biopotentials - basics: diffusion, equilibrium (Nernst) and Donnan potentials - conditions and mechanisms of generation, dependencies on concentration and time2 мин · 14 флашкарти
20. Resting potential21. Resting potential: origin of the resting potential - theories. Goldman equation. The effect of electrogenic pump. Resting potential components2 мин · 14 флашкарти
21. Action potential22. Action potential: nature, formation, propagation. The Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Ion channels - model structure, effects of toxins and drugs4 мин · 15 флашкарти
22. Surface electric charge of cells. Electric double layer of charged membranes23. Surface electric charge of cells and tissues. Electrokinetic phenomena: origin of the surface electric charge - double electric layer and potential distribution. Stability of charged particle suspensions. Electrophoretic mobility - dependence on pH and ionic strength. Types of electrophoresis3 мин · 15 флашкарти
23. Electrokinetic phenomena. Electrophoresis23. Surface electric charge of cells and tissues. Electrokinetic phenomena: origin of the surface electric charge - double electric layer and potential distribution. Stability of charged particle suspensions. Electrophoretic mobility - dependence on pH and ionic strength. Types of electrophoresis3 мин · 15 флашкарти
24. Passive electrical properties of cells and tissues24. Passive electric properties of cells and tissues: electroconductivity of cells and tissues for DC and AC. Types of polarization of dielectrics and heterogeneous systems. Electroporation and electrofusion. Impedance and dispersion of the dielectric permittivity. Applications in medicine3 мин · 16 флашкарти
25. Mechanics of tissues1. Biomechanics 1: subject and importance of biomechanics. Rheology of the solid materials. Viscoelastic properties of bones and muscles2 мин · 15 флашкарти
26. Mechanics of biological membranes3 мин · 15 флашкарти
27. Mechanics of vascular and respiratory systems2. Biomechanics 2: passive mechanical properties of blood vessels - Lamé's equation, volume-pressure dependencies. Pulse wave. Mechanics of breathing2 мин · 14 флашкарти
28. Mechanical properties of blood3. Biomechanics 3: hemorheology - rheological characteristics of the blood. Dependence of blood viscosity on the hematocrit, deformability and aggregation of the red blood cells4 мин · 13 флашкарти
29. Nanotechnologies in medicine - drug nanocarriers25. Nanotechnologies in medicine 1: basic notions and terminology. Characteristics of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles and nanocapsules as drug carriers. Types of nanocarriers. Targeting and controlled release of drugs. Interaction with cells3 мин · 16 флашкарти
30. Nanotechnologies in medicine - diagnostic methods, biomaterials26. Nanotechnologies in medicine 2: nanotechnologies in medical diagnostics. Early in vitro diagnostics. Nanosensors - detection mechanisms and types. Nanoparticles in imaging diagnostics. Nanotechnologies in tissue engineering and for new biocompatible materials2 мин · 16 флашкарти