13. Histogenesis, morphology, physiology of oral mucosa. Anatomy – main characteristics and morphology of oral mucosa. Types of oral mucosa. Cell composition, blood supply and innervation. Oral mucosa of lips and tongue. Characteristics of oral mucosa according to age.

STRATUM BASALE

- Lamina lucida

- Lamina densa

The cells of the stratum basale are cuboidal or low columnar and form a single layer resting on the basale lamina.

• The basale lamina is at the interface of the epithelium and lamina propria;
• Epithelial cells of the oral mucosa are in a constant state of the renewal;
• The basal cells show the maximum mitotic activity.

Desmosomes

hemidesmosomes

BASAL LAYER

• Their nuclei are irregularly oval, have high mitotic activity, and undergo constant cell division;
• These basal cells gradually migrate to the surface of the mucosa.

STRATUM BASALE (GERMINATIVUM)

• The least differentiated epithelial cells;
• Composed of 1 layer of cuboidal cells with high mitotic activity, which ensures proliferation and renewal of exfoliated epithelial cells.
• They have large nuclei and are filled with fine protein filaments called tonofilaments.
• They are connected to each other by cohesion, adhesion and Gup-links.

STRATUM SPINOSUM

• Stratum spinosum is usually several cells thick.
• The cells like polyhedron with short cytoplasmic processes;
• In their cytoplasm there are many tonofilaments, which are grouped in bundles - tonofibrils.