Hypnotics. Sedative drugs with plant origin
Hypnotics are a class of drugs designed to induce and maintain sleep. They are commonly used in the treatment of insomnia and sleep disorders by depressing the central nervous system (CNS) to promote sedation and relaxation.
Classification
- Barbiturates: Amobarbital, Phenobarbital, Pentobarbital
- Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam, Estazolam, Midazolam, Triazolam
- Non-Benzodiazepines ("Z-drugs"): Zopiclone, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon
- Melatonin Agonists: Ramelteon, Tasimelteon
- Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine
- Plant-Origin Hypnotics: Valerian root, Chamomile, Lavender
Pharmacodynamics
- Barbiturates:
- Enhance GABAergic inhibition by prolonging the opening of chloride channels, leading to CNS depression.
- Result in sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia, but carry a high risk of respiratory depression and dependence.
- Benzodiazepines:
- Increase GABA activity by binding to the GABA-A receptor, enhancing chloride influx and causing sedation.
- Have anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties.
- Non-Benzodiazepines ("Z-drugs"):
- Selectively bind to GABA-A receptor subunits, producing sedative effects with fewer side effects than benzodiazepines.
- Melatonin Agonists:
- Mimic melatonin by acting on MT1 and MT2 receptors, regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
- Antihistamines:
- Block histamine H1 receptors in the brain, causing drowsiness and sedation.
- Plant-Origin Hypnotics:
- May enhance GABA activity or have mild sedative effects, promoting relaxation and sleep.