11. Hygiene characteristics of living conditions in the areas. Hygiene requirements to the planning and building in the areas. Urban greening and public health. Noise in urban areas – definition, sources, health effects, prevention, and control. Urbanization.

Hygienic requirements for urban planning, construction and landscaping of settlements. Prevention of chemical, dust, and noise pollution.

Purpose: Ensure living environments support public health, reduce disease risks, promote comfort, and minimize exposure to chemical, dust, and noise pollutants.

1. Urban Planning Requirements

• Zoning: Separate residential, industrial, and commercial areas to limit exposure to pollutants and noise.
• Prevailing Wind Direction: Consider wind patterns when orienting buildings and industrial zones to prevent air pollution from affecting homes.
• Safe Distances: Maintain adequate spacing between hazardous facilities and residences to reduce health risks.
• Transport Planning: Design roads and traffic flow to minimize congestion, air pollution, and noise exposure.

2. Construction Requirements

• Building Orientation: Maximize sunlight and natural ventilation to prevent mold and improve air quality.
• Building Density: Avoid overcrowding to improve ventilation, reduce noise and limit infections.
• Wastewater & Drainage Systems: Proper sewage networks prevent groundwater contamination and outbreaks of diseases such as hepatitis A, cholera, and dysentery.

Landscaping and Green Areas

• Green Belts, Parks, Lawns, Tree Lines: Trap dust, absorb CO₂, reduce urban heat, and provide mental and physical health benefits.
• Protective Green Zones Around Roads: Reduce noise and air pollution from traffic.