Types of Injuries
- Fractures
- Dislocations
- Subluxation
X-Ray above shows: PA, Frontal View Left Pic: Fracture of the humerus Right Pic: calcified callus, fracture
Assessment of fractures
- Anatomical location (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, joint)
- Line direction – transverse, oblique, spiral, longitudinal, comminuted
- Specific types – compression, impacted, avulsion
Fractures according to the fracture line
From Left to Right: Transverse, Oblique, Longitudinal, Spiral, Comminuted
Fractures according to relationship between the fragments
- Displaced or Non-Displaced
Fractures regarding communication with environment
- Open or Closed
Osteoporosis - ↓ bone density
Dislocation – dislocation
- ad longitudinem – in length
- cum contactionem – with shortening
- cum distractionem – with distance
- cum implantationem – with wedge
- ad latus – in width
- ad axin – at an angle
- ad perpheriam – rotation of one of the fragments around axis
Fractures in children
- Impacted fracture
- Greenstick fracture
- Epiphysiolysis
Left Pic: X-ray AP View of Right Leg Transverse Fracture, proximal part displace to the right and distal part displaced to the left. Closed Tibial Fracture
Picture to the left is; X-ray lateral view Picture to right is: X-ray AP/Frontal view Impacted fracture of the distal radius
- Due to axial compression and bending of metaphysis and diaphysis.
- Compression bends the dorsal cortical layer of bone, breaks and swells.
- Anterior corticalis remains unchanged or slightly curved.
Pictures to the left: X rays with greenstick fractures
Greenstick fractures
- Complete or partial rupture of the integrity of the subperiosteal corticalis with preserved periosteum (elastic and dense in children)
Picture Below is Epiphysiolysis X AP and Lateral view
Stress fractures – occur in healthy bone as a result of systemic or repetitive trauma – e.g. soldiers, athletes, dancers Examples of stress fractures to the Right UP
Pathological fractures – occurs spontaneously or are provoked by a minor trauma to a place where the bone has been altered by a disease process.
- can be found in benign or malignant processes that systemically or locally alter the bone.
Examples of pathological fractures to the right down
Subluxation – bone joint edges are partially in contact with each other picture below – X ray AP view of Right hand with subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint of 5th phalange
Luxation/ Dislocation – bone joint edges lose contact with each other – pictures below
Congenital dysplasia and luxation of the hip joint
- Congenital disease with dysplastic insufficiency of elements forming the hip joint
- Hereditary, common in girls
- X-ray of the pelvis