Introduction
This topic covers two methods of sociological investigation used in medicine: the questionnaire (how it is designed, the types of questions, the self-administered questionnaire) and observation. Sociological investigation studies medico-social problems in medicine and society and social causal relationships.
Questionnaire
A questionnaire is an important measurement device that figures prominently in social research. It is a form of written inquiry in which respondents answer questions in order to gather primary empirical information about their opinions, attitudes, motivations, values, social position and role.
- It is an expression of the programme of the social research and an instrument for data collection.
- It is composed of elements (questions) that reflect the programme of research and the concrete characteristics of the investigated subjects.
- In the survey and interview methods the questionnaire is directed to the participant (respondent).
Designing the questionnaire
- Starts with the determination of the survey objective.
- The initial step requires definition of the areas to be covered by the questionnaire and the variables to be measured.
- Next steps are directed towards the preparation of the first draft of the questionnaire.
- The investigator should:
- Decide on the research format: self-administered questionnaire, face-to-face interview, interview by distant means, observation, etc.
- Formulate appropriate questions to obtain the needed information.
- Decide on the wording of questions.
- Decide on the question sequence and layout of the questionnaire.
- Once the first draft is ready, the questionnaire can be tested over a number of subjects from the proposed population: PILOT STUDY.
- The pilot study identifies ambiguities, poor questions and omissions.
- On the basis of the pilot study results the questionnaire is re-drafted and, if necessary, can be pretested again.
Major decisions to be taken in questionnaire design:
- Content: what should be asked?
- Wording: how should each question be phrased?
- Sequence: in what order should the questions be presented?
- Layout: what layout will best serve the research objectives?
Parts of a questionnaire: logo of the institution; title; explanation so that people understand the reasons for its use (the aim of the survey); questions (including social-demographic data: age, race, sex); closing part (expression of gratitude, thanks for participating). A questionnaire of 30 questions takes about 10-15 minutes, and the patient is informed how long it takes to complete.
Five basic requirements for questions
- Questions should be RELEVANT: do they pertain to the research problem?
- Questions should be ACCURATE: do they accurately depict the attitudes and behaviours intended to be investigated?