Anatomy (Bones and Muscles) · MU Sofia

1. The bone as an organ - structure, development and growing. Biological features.

Covers bone as a living calcified connective tissue, starting with its matrix and collagen fibres and the three cell types (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes) that build, resorb and maintain it. It then lists the functions of bone and classifies bones by structure (compact and spongy) and by shape, including sesamoid bones. The development section traces the origin of bone from mesenchyme and compares intramembranous with endochondral ossification, with the bones each forms. It closes with a brief note on growth after skeletal maturity.

Inside: 8 sections · 3 labelled pictures · 15 flashcards · 3 min

Topic 1 of 49 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Anatomy (Bones and Muscles) (Medicine, Years 1 and 2). The free AceMed note covers it in 8 sections, about 369 words (3 min of reading), with 15 flashcards.

In this note

  1. Introduction
  2. BONS
  3. Composition :
  4. Cell types :
  5. Functions :
  6. Types :
  7. Development :
  8. Growth :

BONS

  • Bone is calcified, living, Connective tissue that forms the majority of skeleton.

Composition :

  • It consists of an intercellular calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibers, & several types of cells.

Cell types :

  1. 1. Osteoblasts → produce bone matrix
  2. 2. Osteoclasts → Responsible for bone resorption & remodeling
  3. 3. Osteocytes → Mature bone cells, embedded within the bone matrix.

Functions :

  • supportive structures for the body,
  • protectors of vital organs,
  • reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus,
  • levers on which muscles act to produce movement, and
  • containers for blood-producing cells.

Types :

  • According to the structure:
  1. 1. Compact bone - form the outer shell of all bones & surrounds spongy bones.
  2. 2. Spongy bone - consists of spicules of bone enclosing the marrow.
  • by shape :
  1. 1 Long bones are tubular (e.g., humerus in upper limb; femur in lower limb).
  2. 2 Short bones are cuboidal (e.g., bones of the wrist and ankle).
  3. 3 Flat bones consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (e.g., skull).
  4. 4 Irregular bones are bones with various shapes (e.g., bones of the face).
  5. 5 Sesamoid bones are round or oval bones that develop in tendons.

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