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  4. Дентална медицина
  5. 2 курс
  6. Микробиология

Дентална медицина · 2 курс · МУ Пловдив

Микробиология

Целият конспект на МУ Пловдив по Микробиология, дентална медицина, 2 курс: 41 теми, 38 теми с безплатна записка (5 часа четене), и 1017 флашкарти. Обновено на 10 ноември 2026 г.

теми в конспекта
41
безплатни записки
38
флашкарти
1017
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5 ч
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Конспект

Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ Пловдив. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.

Part I – General Microbiology 9 теми

  1. 1. Subject and tasks of microbiology. The role of Pasteur and Koch in the development of medical microbiology. Taxonomy of microorganisms – nomenclature and classification. General characteristics of different groups of microorganisms.1.Introduction to Medical Microbiology - History and Subject · 2. Bacterial Taxonomy: Classification, Nomenclature and Identification7 мин · 29 флашкарти
  2. 2. Morphology of bacteria – shape, size, arrangement. Methods for studying bacterial morphology. Bacterial structure – essential and nonessential components: cell envelope, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic inclusions, capsules, flagella, fimbriae, spores.3. Bacterial Morphology · 5-Bacterial Ultrastructure - Cell Wall, Structure and Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Wall. · 6. Bacterial Ultrastructure - Cytoplasmic Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, etc · 7. Bacterial,Ultrastructure- Bacterial Spores17 мин · 60 флашкарти
  3. 3. Bacterial genetics. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria. Genetic apparatus in bacteria. Bacterial chromosome as a genetic system. Extrachromosomal genetic elements. Bacteriophages – main types, structure, interactions with the microbial cell – lytic cycle, moderate phage, prophage, phage conversion. Phage typing.13. Bacterial genetics. Carriers of genetic information: Bacterial chromosomes- Structure, replication and function: · 14. Bacterial genetics. Carriers of genetic information. Plasmids and transposable elements- Structure and function8 мин · 28 флашкарти
  4. 4. Microbial mutability. Mutations. Mutagenic factors – chemical and physical, mechanism of action, practical use. Genetic transfer – transformation, conjugation, transduction – mechanisms. The importance of bacterial and phage genetics. Genetic engineering. Contemporary genetic methods in clinical microbiology. DNA probes. PCR – polymerase chain reaction.15. Bacterial Changeability: Mutations · 16. Bacterial changeability. Recombination and Mechanism of DNA transfer between bacterial cells.8 мин · 28 флашкарти
  5. 5. Bacterial physiology. Chemical composition of the bacterial cell. Bacterial enzymes. Bacterial metabolism – catabolic and anabolic processes. Bacterial respiration. Bacterial nutrition. Transport of nutrients.9. Bacterial Physiology = Chemical Composition, Bacterial Metabolism, Bacterial Productivity.5 мин · 12 флашкарти
  6. 6. Bacterial growth and reproduction. Growth phases and growth curves. Bacterial culture – basic principles, culture media. Bacterial growth factors.10. Bacterial Physiology - Bacterial Growth and Cell Division, Growth Factors.7 мин · 16 флашкарти
  7. 7. Influence of physical factors on microorganisms: heat, drying, light, atmospheric pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation, pH, ultrasound. Sterilization. Methods of sterilization. Influence of chemical factors on microorganisms. Disinfection, types of disinfectants. Characteristics (special features) of disinfecting and sterilizing procedures in the dental practice. Mechanism of action of chemicals upon bacteria. Oligodynamics. Influence of biological factors upon microorganisms: symbiosis, antagonisms, antibiosis.12. Effect of Physical Factors on Microorganism – Sterilisation & Sterilisation Methods6 мин · 13 флашкарти
  8. 8. Antimicrobial agents. Main groups, spectrum and mechanism of action. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic susceptibility tests.19.Antibacterial Agents- Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors, Mechanism of action and resistance · 18. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: General principles, Types of Antimicrobial Agents according to their Mechanism of Action, Adverse reaction · 20. Antibacterial Agents - Protein and Nucleic acids Synthesis inhibitors, mechanism of action and resistance15 мин · 46 флашкарти
  9. 9. Viruses. Nature and properties. Methods for cultivation. Classification. Rickettsia. Nature and properties. Methods for cultivation. Classification.86. Viruses – Nature and Properties · 84. Genus Rickettsia, Genus Caxiella.8 мин · 31 флашкарти

Part II – Infection and Immunity 11 теми

  1. 10. Infection and infectious process. The role of microorganism in the infectious process. Pathogenic factors – pathogenecity, virulence, invasiveness, toxigenecity. The role of macroorganism in the infectious process. The role of environment for development and course of the infectious process. Epidemic process. Factors and mechanisms of transmission of the infectious agents in the epidemic process.22. Infection and Infectious Disease. Interactions between Host and Microorganisms. Forms of Infection. · 23. Infection- Role of Microorganisms in the Infectious Process · 25.Pathogenesis of Infectious Process -Development, Infectious Dose,17 мин · 44 флашкарти
  2. 11. Characteristics of infectious disease. Pathogenesis. Forms of the infectious process. Focal infection in the oral cavity. The oral cavity as route of entry of pathogens, causing local and systemic infections. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with microorganisms in the oral cavity.Подготвя се
  3. 12. Innate immunity – characteristics and basic forms. The protective role of innate immunity in the oral cavity – the importance of the anatomical barriers, the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Protective role of the normal oral flora. Humoral and cellular factors of innate immunity – lysozyme, complement system, interferons and cytokines, phagocytosis. The protective role of inflammation in the oral cavity. Microbial factors counteracting the mechanisms of the natural resistance.27. Natural Resistance. · 28 - Natural Resistance · 29: Natural Resistance - Cellular Factors12 мин · 41 флашкарти
  4. 13. Immunity. Definition. Types of immunity. The protective role of adaptive immunity in the oral cavity. Microbial factors counteracting the mechanisms of adaptive immunity.26. Immunity, Immunity as a Biological Phenomenon and Types of Immunity · 30 Acquired Immunity,12 мин · 26 флашкарти
  5. 14. Anatomy and structure of the immune system. Primary and secondary organs. Cells of the immune system. Development of the immunocompetent cells – positive and negative selection.33. Immune system5 мин · 15 флашкарти
  6. 15. Antigens. Types of antigens. Antigenic characteristics of microorganisms. Humoral immunity. Characteristics of antibodies (immunoglobulins). Structure and function of different immunoglobulin classes. Mechanism of action of antibodies. Local immunity. Monoclonal antibodies.31. Antigens structure and properties. Antigenic structure of microorganisms. · 32: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)11 мин · 28 флашкарти
  7. 16. Cellular immunity. Cells and mechanism of action. Types of cellular immunity. Cellular cooperation in the immune response.35. Cell-mediated immunity6 мин · 14 флашкарти
  8. 17. Development of the immune response. Recognition of antigens. The role of APC and MHC molecules. Dynamics of the immune response – primary and secondary immune response. Genetic control of the immune response. Humoral regulation of the immune response. Allergy – definition and types. Immediate allergic reactions – anaphylaxis, atopy, clinical significance. Cytotoxic allergic reactions. Allergic phenomena due to immune complexes – serum sickness, Arthus phenomenon, clinical significance. Delayed type hypersensitivity – tuberculin skin test (Mantoux), contact dermatitis. Clinical significance of hypersensitivity in Dental medicine.34. Immune response3 мин · 13 флашкарти
  9. 18. Immunopathology. Immunopathological reactions and diseases. Immunological tolerance. Autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiencies – disorders and diseases. Infections in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes. Role of the microorganisms of the normal oral flora as causative agents of opportunistic infections. Infectious diseases of the immune system.44. Immunopathology. Autoimmune reactions and diseases. Role of hypersensitivity reactions (rapid and delayed reactions) in autoimmune diseases.4 мин · 13 флашкарти
  10. 19. Antigen-antibody reactions. Types: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, complement fixation test. Labelled immune reactions – immunofluorescence, radioimmune and immunoenzyme tests. Mechanisms and practical application of the reactions in microbiological diagnosis.38. Antigen-antibody reaction · 39. Antigen-antibody reaction · 40: Antigen-antibody reaction · 42. Immune reactions with labeled antibodies.12 мин · 57 флашкарти
  11. 20. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines and sera. Immunomodulation.45. Immuno-prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines. Immunization schedules. · 46. Immuno-prophylaxis and immunotherapy, Immune sera and other antibody-containing preparations and Immunomodulators10 мин · 27 флашкарти

Part III – Special microbiology 21 теми

  1. 21. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases. Methods and algorithm of the microbiological examination of specimens – direct microscopy, isolation and identification of microorganisms; serological diagnosis; modern molecular–biological tests.Подготвя се
  2. 22. Staphylococcus spp. Classification. Morphology, biology. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity, diseases, and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Antimicrobial treatment. MRSA – clinical importance and diagnosis.47. Staphylococci (genus Staphylococcus)4 мин · 14 флашкарти
  3. 23. Streptococcus spp. Classification. Morphology, biology, antigenic structure. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity of streptococcal infections. Diseases and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Antimicrobial treatment. Streptococci as resident flora in the oral cavity. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Morphology, biology, biochemical production, and antigenic structure. Pathogenesis, diseases, and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy.48. Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) · 49. Group B, C, D & G streptococci. Streptococcus viridians group. Genus Enterococcus · 50. Streptococcus pneumoniae12 мин · 43 флашкарти
  4. 24. Gram-negative bacteria causing air-borne infections. Haemophilus influenzae. Morphology, biology, antigenic structure. Pathogenic factors. Diseases. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. The causative agent of Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis). Morphology, biology. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Neisseria meningitidis. Morphology, biology. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity and clinical forms of meningococcal infection. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Morphology, biology. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity and clinical forms of gonococcal infection. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy.62. Haemophilus influenzae. Moraxella catrrhalis.4 мин · 13 флашкарти
  5. 25. Order Enterobacterales, Family Enterobacteriaceae. Main groups of enteric bacteria concerning their pathogenicity. General characteristics – morphology, biology, antigenic structure, pathogenic factors. Opportunistic enteric bacteria – Escherichia coli, Klebsiella. Diseases. Microbiological diagnosis.53. Order Enterobacterales. Genus Escherichia. E. coli6 мин · 14 флашкарти
  6. 26. Salmonella. General characteristics – morphology, biology, classification, antigenic structure, pathogenic factors, diseases, microbiological diagnosis. Dysentery (Shigella spp.). Characteristics and microbiological diagnosis. Pseudomonas. Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapeutical problems.54. Genus Salmonella. Causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid diseases. · 55. Genus Salmonella. Causative agents of food toxicoinfections.6 мин · 30 флашкарти
  7. 27. Causative agents of infections with high biological risk (Yersinia pestis). Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Vibrio cholerae. Morphology, biology, antigenic structure, serotypes. Pathogenic factors. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Bacillus anthracis. Morphology, biology. Pathogenesis and clinical forms. Immunity. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Microbiological diagnosis.59. Yersinia pestis.3 мин · 15 флашкарти
  8. 28. Corynebacterium spp. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis of diphtheria Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Coryneforms (C. jeikeum, C. urealyticum, C. amycolatum, C. pseudodiphtheriticum). Clinical importance. Mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Morphology, biology. Pathogenicity, clinical forms and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Mycobacterium leprae. Morphology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical forms. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis.68. Genus Corynebacterium. C. diphtheria, etc. corynebacteria3 мин · 14 флашкарти
  9. 29. Anaerobic spore-forming bacteria – genus Clostridium. General characteristics. Morphology, biology. Clostridium tetani. Toxin production. Pathogenicity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. The causative agents of gas gangrene (C. perfringens, C. oedematiens, C. septicum, C. histolyticum). Pathogenic factors. Pathogenicity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy. Clostridium botulinum. Toxin production. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy.74. Genus Clostridium - C. tetani. · 75. Clostridia causing gas gangrene. · 76. Clostridium botulinum. Clostridioides difficile.9 мин · 47 флашкарти
  10. 30. Anaerobic non-spore forming bacteria. Anaerobic Gram-positive round- and rod-shaped bacteria. Genus Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus and Eubacterium. Anaerobic Gram-negative round- and rod-shaped bacteria. Genus Bacteroides, Fusobacterium. The role of the anaerobic non-spore forming bacteria in the etiology of infectious processes in the oral cavity.71. Anaerobic non-spore forming bacteria. Pathogenesis, clinics, microbiological diagnosis3 мин · 15 флашкарти
  11. 31. Spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae). General characteristics. The causative agent of syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Leptospira spp. Morphology and biology. Antigenic structure and serological types. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. The causative agent of Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). Pathogenesis, immunity, microbiological diagnosis.77. Family Spirochaetaceae. Genus Treponema - T. pallidum.3 мин · 15 флашкарти
  12. 32. Mycoplasma spp. Classification. Morphology, biology, diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. L-forms of bacteria. Chlamydia. General characteristics. Species. Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and disease. Microbiological diagnosis. Pathogenic fungi.82. Genus Mycoplasma. Ureaplasma urealyticum · 83. Genus Chlamydia6 мин · 29 флашкарти
  13. 33. Candida spp. and Actinomycetaceae family. Morphology, biology. Pathogenesis and diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapy.72. Genus Actinomyces. · 85. Pathogenic fungi. Candida. Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, etc7 мин · 32 флашкарти
  14. 34. The causative agent of louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki), Mediterranean fever (Rickettsia conorii), Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), human ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia) and cat-scratching disease (Bartonella henselae). General characteristics – classification, morphology, biology, pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis, diseases, therapy.84. Genus Rickettsia, Genus Caxiella.4 мин · 16 флашкарти
  15. 35. Pathological processes in the oral cavity, caused by microorganisms – caries, diseases of pulp and periapical tissues; periodontal diseases, diseases of the oral mucosa.Подготвя се
  16. 36. Picornaviridae. Genus Enterovirus – the causative agent of polyomyelitis, coxackie infections and ECHO infections. Genus Rhinovirus – the causative agents of infectious rhinitis. Genus Aphtovirus – the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease.87. Family Picornaviridae – Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses3 мин · 16 флашкарти
  17. 37. Orthomyxoviridae. The causative agents of flu. Paramyxoviridae. The causative agents of paraflu, epidemic parotitis, and measles. Respiratory syncytial virus. Coronaviruses. SARS- CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19.88. Family Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza Virus3 мин · 30 флашкарти
  18. 38. Arboviruses – the causative agents of vector- associated infections. General characteristics and classification. Genus Rubivirus. Bunyaviridae – the causative agent of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.92. Arboviruses – Causative Agents of Significant Arboviral Infections · 93. Rubella Virus & Zika Virus7 мин · 28 флашкарти
  19. 39. Retroviridae – the causative agent of AIDS (HIV). Rhabdoviridae – the causative agent of rabies. Adenoviridae. Poxviridae – the causative agent of smallpox.94. Family Rhabdoviridae – Rabies Virus · 95. Family Retroviridae – HIV-1 and HIV-2 · 96. Family Adenoviridae | Genus Papillomavirus | Genus Polyomavirus · 99. Family Poxviridae – Variola Virus (Smallpox Virus)13 мин · 60 флашкарти
  20. 40. Herpesviridae. The causative agent of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2, the causative agent of varicella and herpes zoster. Human Cytomegalovirus. The causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. Other herpesviruses.97. Family Herpesviridae – Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1, HSV-2) & Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) · 98. Family Herpesviridae – Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus7 мин · 30 флашкарти
  21. 41. The causative agents of viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV). Characteristics. Pathogenesis and immunity. Specific prophylaxis.100. Human Hepatitis Viruses: A, B, C, D, E, G3 мин · 15 флашкарти

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