Anatomy Bones and Muscles · MU Pleven

2. The bone as an organ - structure, development and growth of the bones.

Covers the layers of bone, from periosteum and compact bone through spongy bone, endosteum and marrow, along with the three bone-forming and resorbing cell types and the inorganic and organic matrix. It then describes how bone develops from mesenchyme by intramembranous and endochondral ossification, how it grows in length at the epiphyseal plate and in thickness by the periosteum, and how it remodels and heals after fracture. It ends with brief radiological notes comparing X-ray, CT and MRI appearances of bone.

Inside: 6 sections · 2 labelled pictures · 15 flashcards · 1 min

Topic 2 of 236 in the MU Pleven syllabus for Anatomy Bones and Muscles (Medicine, Year 2). The free AceMed note covers it in 6 sections, about 172 words (1 min of reading), with 15 flashcards.

In this note

  1. THE BONE AS AN ORGAN, STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE BONES.
  2. I. STRUCTURE OF BONE
  3. DEVELOPMENT OF BONE
  4. GROWTH OF BONE
  5. BONE REMODELING AND REPAIR
  6. RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

I. STRUCTURE OF BONE

BONE → SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LAYERS

  1. 1 Periosteum → OUTER FIBROUS, INNER OSTEOGENIC (GROWTH, REPAIR)
  2. 2 Compact bone → DENSE, STRONG OUTER SHELL
  3. 3 Spongy bone → TRABECULAE WITH MARROW
  4. 4 Endosteum → LINES INNER SURFACE
  5. 5 Red marrow → RBC FORMATION
  6. 6 Yellow marrow → FAT

CELLS

  • OSTEOBLASTS → BUILD BONE
  • OSTEOCYTES → MAINTAIN BONE
  • OSTEOCLASTS → RESORB BONE

MATRIX

  • INORGANIC [CALCIUM SALTS → HARDNESS].
  • ORGANIC (COLLAGEN, PROTEINS).

DEVELOPMENT OF BONE

  • → FROM MESENCHYME
  • → TYPES OF OSSIFICATION
  1. 1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS → DIRECT FROM MESENCHYME (FLAT BONES, SKULL, CLAVICLE)
  2. 2. ENDOCHONDRAL → THROUGH CARTILAGE MODEL (LONG BONES, VERTEBRAE)

GROWTH OF BONE

  • → IN LENGHT → AT EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
  • ZONES → RESTING ↓ PROLIFERATING ↓ HYPERTROPHY ↓ CALCIFICATION ↓ OSSIFICATION
  • → IN THICKNESS → BY PERIOSTEUM (NEW BONE OUTSIDE, RESORPTION INSIDE)

BONE REMODELING AND REPAIR

  • → LIFE LONG PROCESS: BALANCE BETWEEN OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS.
  • → FRACTURE HEALING : HEMATOMA → SOFT CALLUS → HARD CALLUS - REMODELING.

RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

X-RAY : COMPACT BONE → WHITE ; SPONGY BONE → GRAY

CT : BEST FOR FINE BONE DETAIL

MRI : BEST FOR MARROW AND SOFT TISSUE

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