Aldehyde and keto acids – characteristics, classification, isomerism, properties, representatives. Carbonic acid and its derivatives with medico‐biological importance.
Covers oxoacids as bifunctional compounds, their chain, position and keto-enol isomerism, and the reactions of the carboxyl and carbonyl groups, including decarboxylation of beta-keto acids. Representatives are taken in turn: glyoxylic, formylacetic and uronic acids, then pyruvic, acetoacetic, levulinic, oxaloacetic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids, with links to glycolysis, ketone bodies and the Krebs cycle. The final section covers carbonic acid derivatives such as phosgene, carbamates, urea, biuret, guanidine and creatine.
Inside: 5 sections · 34 labelled pictures · 1 formula · 47 flashcards · 11 min
Topic 32 of 47 in the MU Pleven syllabus for Chemistry (Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 5 sections, about 1,542 words (11 min of reading), with 47 flashcards.
In this note
ALDEHYDE AND KETO ACIDS - CHARACTERISTICS, ISOMERISM, PROPERTIES, REPRESENTATIVES
CARBONIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES
I. Characteristics and isomerism
II. Properties.
III. Representatives
Carbonic acid and its derivatives with medico-biological importance
I. Characteristics and isomerism
. Aldehyde and keto acids, also called oxoacids, are class of bifunctional organic compounds containing both COOH group and aldehyde (CHO) or keto (CO) groups. If the COOH and CO groups are far removed from each other, the compounds exhibit properties of the individual classes – acids and aldehydes or ketones. Compounds with closely located functional groups, e.g. at 1,2 or 1,3 positions, exhibit characteristic properties due to the interaction of the functional groups.
For oxoacids, chain isomerism, position isomerism and tautomerism are typical.
Chain isomerism is referred to identically located functional groups but different chains.
Position isomerism refers to different mutual locationsofthe functional groups.
Tautomerism, or keto-enol tautomerism, is due torapid interconversion between two substances differing in the position of a hydrogen atomanda double bond.
Usually the keto form is most stable, but there areseveral factors that can shift the equilibrium toward the enol for, such as aromaticity,hydrogen bonding, conjugation, substitution, etc.
This type isomerism is more pronounced whenthe second carbonyl group is present in -position, e.g in -ketoacids.
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