Hydrocarbons and halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons with medico‐biological importance. Fundamental types of organic reactions.
Covers organic compounds and their classification into acyclic, carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups, functional groups, homologous series, and IUPAC and trivial naming of hydrocarbons and simple derivatives. Moves through alkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons, with a medico-biological section on skin-care alkanes and carcinogenic coal-tar hydrocarbons such as 3,4-benzpyrene. Ends with halogen derivatives and the four basic reaction types, including free radical, polar, SN1 and SN2 and elimination mechanisms, with reaction schemes.
Topic 25 of 47 in the MU Pleven syllabus for Chemistry (Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 12 sections, about 3,281 words (23 min of reading), with 34 flashcards.
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HYDROCARBONS AND HALOGEN DERIVATIVES. FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS
I. Organic chemistry
II. Classification of organic compounds
III. Nomenclature of organic compounds
IV.Hydrocarbons
IV.2. Representatives with medico-biological importance
V.Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons
Fundamental types of organic reactions
Nucleophilic addition to aldehydes and ketones
Nucleophilic substitution in primary halogenoalkanes
Nucleophilic substitution in tertiary halogenoalkanes SN1 reaction
Mechanism of elimination reactions producing alkenes from simple halogenoalkanes
I. Organic chemistry
The term organic was first used about 1777 to describe compounds occurring in or derived from living organisms. Such substances as starch, alcohol and urea were classified as organic, for starch is produced by living plants, alcohol is a product of fermentation caused by microorganisms and urea is contained in urine. In 1828, however, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea from materials obtained from inanimate sources, and the original meaning of organic was no longer applicable. Organic compounds, in the modern sense, are compounds of carbon that contain either carbon- carbon bonds, or carbon-hydrogen bonds or both. Thousands of carbon compounds not found in or derived from living organism have been produced by chemists and about five million organic compounds have been characterized.
That so many organic compounds exist is due primarily to the ability of carbon atoms to combine with other carbon atoms, forming chains of different length and rings of different sizes. As pointed out previously, carbon forms covalent bonds in compounds, with all of its valence electrons usually used in the bonding. It exhibits sp3, sp2 or sp hybridization of its atomic orbitals. Carbon thereby displays a coordination number of 4, 3 or 2 with a tetrahedral, trigonal planar or linear geometry. Examples are C2H6 (ethane), C2H4 (ethylene), or C2H2 (acetylene) respectively.
Other than carbon, the elements most frequently found in organic compounds are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, phosphorus, and some of the metals.
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