29. Essential fatty acids and their derivatives – eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins and leukotrienes). Cyclic and linear pathways of formation. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – mechanism of action. Essential fatty acids deficiency.

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated Fatty Acids:

1. Chemical structure

• Do not have double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
• Each carbon atom is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

2. Physical Properties:

• Generally solid at room temperature.
• Have a higher melting point due to the straight nature of their chains, which pack closely together.

3. Dietary sources:

• Found in animal fats such as butter, cheese, and meat fat.
• Also found in some plant fats like coconut oil and palm oil.

4. Health impacts:

Often associated with increased levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, potentially increasing heart disease risk.

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

1. Chemical structure

• Contain one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.
• These double bonds can be in cis or trans configuration, affecting the molecule's shape and properties.

2. Physical Properties:

• Usually liquid at room temperature.
• Have a lower melting point because the kinks at double bonds prevent tight packing.

3. Dietary sources:

• Primarily found in plant oils like olive oil, sunflower oil, and fish oils.
• Include both monounsaturated (one double bond, e.g., oleic acid) and polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds, e.g., linoleic acid) fatty acids.

4. Health impacts:

Generally considered healthier, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can help reduce LDL cholesterol levels.