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Medicine · Year 2 · MU Plovdiv

Biochemistry

The full MU Plovdiv syllabus for Biochemistry, Medicine, Year 2: 71 topics, 55 topics with a free study note (6 hours of reading), and 721 flashcards. Updated 10 November 2026.

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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Plovdiv syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

I. General part 10 topics

  1. 1. Protein functions. Peptides, polypeptides and proteins. Amino acids – types and classification. Levels of organization of the protein molecule. Primary structure of proteins. Conformation. Secondary structure – α - helix and β -sheet, random coil characterization. Supersecondary structures – motifs and domains. Tertiary structure. Fibrous and globular proteins. Structure of collagen and myoglobin.2: Proteins...8 min · 14 cards
  2. 2. Quaternary structure. Mechanisms maintaining the conformation of proteins. Relation between the structure and the function of proteins – medical importance: defects in receptors (familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes insipidus); diseases due to impaired conformation (prion disease, Alzheimer’s disease); molecular diseases (sickle cell anemia); defects in the post-translational modification of proteins (scurvy and glycated hemoglobin). Structure of hemoglobin. Isoelectric point, precipitation of protein. Denaturation. Electrophoresis. Methods for protein examination – electrophoresis, chromatography, etc. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins – fractions.3. SECONDARY, TERTIARY, AND QUATERNARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS:5 min · 22 cards
  3. 3. Nucleic acids – types and biological role. Chemical composition – structure of nucleotides, chemical bonds. Free nucleotides of biological importance. Features of polynucleotide chains. Watson and Crick model. Primary structure of nucleic acids. Conformation of DNA and of the different types of RNA. Nucleosomes. Histone and nonhistone proteins. Denaturation and renaturation of DNA. Ribozymes, RNA maturation, microRNAs – role in the regulation of gene expression.5. Nucleic Acids – Types and Biological Role. · 6. Primary structure of Nucleic acids14 min · 25 cards
  4. 4. Characteristics of enzymes as biological catalysts. Structure, names and classification of enzymes. Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis. Enzyme-substrate complex. Active site. Specificity of the enzyme action.7. Characteristics of Enzymes3 min · 10 cards
  5. 5. Water-soluble vitamins – structure, biological role and enzymes as examples. Avitaminoses.62: WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS. METABOLIC ROLE.4 min · 10 cards
  6. 6. Lipid-soluble vitamins – structure, biological role. Hyper- and avitaminoses.63: LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS. METABOLIC ROLES.4 min · 10 cards
  7. 7. Enzyme kinetics. Enzyme units. Factors affecting the enzyme reaction rate: time, temperature, pH, concentration of the enzyme and of the substrate. Michaelis constant. Michaelis – Menten equation and Lineweaver – Burk plot (equation).8. Enzyme Kinetics · 9.Effect of pH and Temperature on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions11 min · 20 cards
  8. 8. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. Enzyme activators.Being written
  9. 9. Enzyme regulation. Regulation of the absolute enzyme amount – constitutive and inducible enzymes; control of the half-life of enzymes. Regulation of the catalytic activity – compartmentalization, shuttle mechanisms, multienzyme complexes, covalent modification and allosteric control. Retroinhibition.9.Effect of pH and Temperature on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions · 10. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation11 min · 20 cards
  10. 10. Clinical significance of enzymes: functional and non-functional plasma enzymes. Role in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and hepatitis. Diagnostic significance of isoenzymes (creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase). Hereditary enzyme diseases (Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome). Enzyme therapy. Enzymes and enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.11. Isozymes5 min · 10 cards

II. Bioenergetics 4 topics

  1. 11. Bioenergetics. Features of organisms as open chemical systems. General laws of thermodynamics and their application in living organisms. Coupling of endergonic and exergonic processes. Macroergic compounds. Role of the system ATP/ADP. Characteristics of biological oxidation. Substrates of biological oxidation and final hydrogen acceptors. Oxidoreductases. Redox systems.13. Characteristics of Biological Oxidation8 min · 10 cards
  2. 12. Oxidative phosphorylation at substrate level: oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, enolase reaction. Oxidative decarboxylation of the α -keto acids pyruvate and α -ketoglutarate; regulation.14. Oxidative Phosphorylation at Substrate Level… · 16. Chemiosmotic Theory for the Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation11 min · 20 cards
  3. 13. Respiratory chain – localization, function and molecular structure. Oxidative phosphorylation coefficient (P/O). Respiratory control, phosphate potential. Inhibitors of the electron transport. Chemiosmotic theory of the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain. ATP synthase. Effect of uncoupling agents and inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation.15. RESPIRATORY CHAIN5 min · 10 cards
  4. 14. Free oxidation. Heat production. Brown adipose tissue. Role of thermogenin. Short electron transport chains. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) – generation and neutralization. Antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants.17. Uncoupled Oxidations...5 min · 10 cards

III. Metabolism 35 topics

  1. 15. Krebs cycle – importance for catabolism and anabolism. Chemical reactions and energetic balance. Connection of the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain and with the other metabolic pathways. Regulation mechanisms. Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.18. Citric Acid Cycle4 min · 10 cards
  2. 16. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. Glycolysis – importance, chemical reactions, energy production under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, tissue specificity. Regulation. Metabolic fate of NADH and pyruvate – shuttle systems (malate and glycerophosphate shuttles). Clinical aspects – lactic acidosis, enzymopathies, hemolytic anemia.19. Glycolysis…4 min · 10 cards
  3. 17. Gluconeogenesis. Substrates, importance. Overcoming the irreversible steps of glycolysis. Regulation. Tissue localization. Maintaining of the blood sugar level.20. Gluconeogenesis4 min · 10 cards
  4. 18. Pentose phosphate pathway and NADPH – role in metabolism. Oxidative, isomerase and transferase reactions. Importance of the pentose phosphate pathway for erythrocytes. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.21. PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAYS…7 min · 10 cards
  5. 19. Fructose metabolism – absorption, organ specificity of degradation and association with other metabolic pathways. Defects in fructose metabolism – essential fructosuria and fructose intolerance. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.22. Metabolism of Galactose…5 min · 10 cards
  6. 20. Galactose metabolism – absorption; degradation; synthesis of lactose in lactating mammary glands. Defects in the metabolism of galactose – lactase deficiency, galactosemia type I and II.22. Metabolism of Galactose…5 min · 10 cards
  7. 21. Glycogen metabolism – structure, degradation, synthesis, role. Regulation of glycogenolysis and glycogenogenesis. Glycogenoses.23. Glycogen4 min · 10 cards
  8. 22. Features of carbohydrate metabolism in the different tissues and organs: gastrointestinal tract, liver, nervous tissue, muscles (aerobic and anaerobic conditions), kidneys, adipose tissue, erythrocytes.Being written
  9. 23. Lipids – classification. Lipids digestion – enzymes. Composition, origin and functions of the lipoprotein complexes. Receptors, apolipoproteins, enzymes of the lipoprotein metabolism. Familial hypercholesterolemia.25. Lipids – Classification · 32. TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS IN ORGANISM. TYPES - COMPOSITION,12 min · 20 cards
  10. 24. Degradation and biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. Metabolism of glycerol. Metabolic fate of fatty acids. Regulation of triacylglycerols degradation in the adipose tissue. Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue and liver. Fatty liver.27. Desaturation of Fatty Acids…6 min · 10 cards
  11. 25. Oxidation of fatty acids. β -oxidation of fatty acids with an even and an odd number of carbon atoms and of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Carnitine shuttle. Regulation. Energetic balance. Peroxisomal β - oxidation. α -oxidation of branched fatty acids. Peroxide oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Enzyme defects in the oxidation of fatty acids.25. Lipids – Classification5 min · 10 cards
  12. 26. Ketone bodies metabolism. Ketogenesis and ketolysis. Regulation of the ketogenesis. Ketosis and ketoacidosis. Adaptation in starvation.29. Ketogenesis4 min · 10 cards
  13. 27. Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Citrate shuttle. Acyl synthase complex. Regulation of the lipogenesis. Fatty acids chain elongation and synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.26. BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS… · 27. Desaturation of Fatty Acids…10 min · 20 cards
  14. 28. Synthesis and degradation of phospholipids. Biological role of phospholipases A1, A2, C and D. Sphingolipids – types, structure and importance. Sphingolipidoses.28. METABOLISM OF GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES…7 min · 10 cards
  15. 29. Essential fatty acids and their derivatives – eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins and leukotrienes). Cyclic and linear pathways of formation. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – mechanism of action. Essential fatty acids deficiency.27. Desaturation of Fatty Acids…6 min · 10 cards
  16. 30. Structure and biological role of cholesterol. Pathways of cholesterol metabolism in the organism. Regulation – control by covalent modification and at the level of transcription. Excretion from the body.30. Cholestrol5 min · 10 cards
  17. 31. Synthesis of bile acids, regulation, cholelithiasis (gallstone disease).31. Derivatives of Cholesterol5 min · 10 cards
  18. 32. Lipid metabolism disorders. Atherosclerosis. Obesity. Adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, etc.) – role in obesity and in the development of insulin resistance.32. TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS IN ORGANISM. TYPES - COMPOSITION, · 33. OBESITY…12 min · 20 cards
  19. 33. Digestion and absorption of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Mechanisms of intracellular degradation of proteins. Nitrogen balance and end products of nitrogen metabolism. General reactions of amino acid metabolism – transamination, oxidative deamination, transdeamination and decarboxylation (biogenic amines). Clinical significance of aminotransferases.34. General Reactions of Amino Acid Catabolism…8 min · 10 cards
  20. 34. Detoxification of ammonia. Ammonia toxicity. Reductive amination of α -ketoglutarate. Synthesis of glutamine. Role of ammoniagenesis in the kidneys. Urea cycle – associations with the citric acid cycle, regulation, metabolic disorders. Glucose-alanine cycle.35.Detoxification Ammonia4 min · 10 cards
  21. 35. Catabolism of amino acids. General pathways for degradation of the C-skeleton of amino acids. Pathways for degradation of glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. One-carbon units – types, sources, importance. Vitamin B12, folic acid and S-adenosylmethionine. Therapeutic use of folate analogues. Catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.36. Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids3 min · 10 cards
  22. 36. Essential and nonessential amino acids. Common reactions in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids. Selenocysteine. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products – arginine (synthesis of creatine phosphate, citrulline, nitric oxide and polyamines) and serine (synthesis of ethanolamine, choline and phospholipids). +Being written
  23. 37. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products – tryptophan (NAD, serotonin, melatonin), tyrosine (sysnthesis of thyroid hormones, catecholamines, melanins). Products of glutamine and glutamate metabolism. The γ -glutamyl cycle. Glutathione as an antioxidant and participant in the metabolism of xenobiotics.Being written
  24. 38. Disorders of the amino acids metabolism. Enzymopathies associated with the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine (phenylketonuria, tyrosinosis, alkaptonuria, albinism), tryptophan (pellagra) and aliphatic amino acids (methylmalonic acidemia). Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA. Tissue specificities in the amino acids metabolism.38.Enzymopathies related to Amino Acids4 min · 10 cards
  25. 39. Biosynthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides. Regulation of purine nucleotides biosynthesis. Tissue specificity. Hyperuricemia and gout. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Enzyme defects in the metabolism of purine nucleotides (immune deficiencies, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, gout). Purine analogues used as anticancer and antiviral drugs.39. Degradation of Purin...4 min · 10 cards
  26. 40. Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides. Regulation of pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis. Synthesis of CTP and TMP from UMP. Ribonucleotide reductase reaction. Thymidylate synthase. Orotic aciduria. Pyrimidine analogues used as anticancer and antiviral agents.40. BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF PYRAMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES5 min · 10 cards
  27. 41. Iron metabolism. Absorption of haem and non-haem iron in the small intestines. Transferrin receptors. Iron-binding and iron-storage proteins. Hepcidin. Post-transcriptional control of iron homeostasis. Disorders of iron homeostasis.Being written
  28. 42. Synthesis of porphyrins. Organ and intracellular localization and regulation of the pathway. ALA-synthase – enzyme inducers and repressors. Types of porphyrias. Use of exogenous porphyrins in the treatment of some types of cancer.41. Porphyrins5 min · 10 cards
  29. 43. Hemoglobin degradation. Haem oxygenase. Direct and indirect bilirubin. Bile pigments. Enterohepatic circulation of the bile pigments. Jaundice.42. Hemoglobin4 min · 10 cards
  30. 44. Metabolism integrity. Relationships between metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides. Role of common metabolites and key enzymes. The scheme of metabolism – the topic is mandatory for everyone.43. Metabolic Pathways of Carbohydrates · 51-Integrated Regulation of Metabolism at the Organism Level9 min · 20 cards
  31. 45. Molecular diseases. Mutations as a reason for the development of molecular diseases. Consequences from the existence of point mutations that affect enzymes of the pathway for synthesis of hemoglobin. Defects that affect enzyme activities. Molecular diseases due to defects in the DNA repair mechanisms.Being written
  32. 46. DNA replication – types of DNA polymerases and other proteins involved in the process. Cell cycle and its control – role of the cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53 and the inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDI). DNA repair mechanisms.44. BIOSYNTHESIS OF DNA… · 59-Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Cycle Regulation9 min · 20 cards
  33. 47. Regulation of the gene expression at the level of the process of transcription. Regulation of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes through phosphorylation and suppressor proteins. Regulatory sites in the promoter regions in eukaryotes. Transcription factors (TF) and transcription complexes. Epigenetic modifications – DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones – role in the processes of replication and transcription.Being written
  34. 48. Regulation of the gene expression. Post-transcriptional control of the gene expression – splicing. Regulation through the transport and stability of mRNA molecules. Post-transcriptional editing of mRNA molecules. Control at the level of translation. Regulation of the synthesis of ferritin at the level of translation.Being written
  35. 49. Regulation at the post-translational level. Proteolytic cleavage of proteins. Post-translational modifications – methylation, acetylation, myristoylation and prenylation. Phosphorylation and sulfation. Vitamin C and vitamin K-dependent modifications. Selenoproteins. Ubiquitin, ubiquitination and targeted degradation of proteins.Being written

IV. Functional biochemistry 22 topics

  1. 50. Intercellular communication and signal transduction. Types of intercellular interactions: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine signaling and gap junctions. Principles in cell signaling: types of signaling molecules and cell receptors. Intracellular participants in signal cascades. Molecular intracellular switches – protein kinases/protein phosphatases and G-proteins. Characteristic features of the signal pathways – integration, convergention, divergention and cross-talk.58: Molecular Basis of Intercellular Interactions6 min · 16 cards
  2. 51. Types of plasma membrane receptors. Receptors, associated with ion channels. G-protein coupled receptors. Receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity. Receptors, associated with other proteins with enzyme activity (tyrosine kinases).53- Transduction Systems for Peptide Hormones and second messengers4 min · 10 cards
  3. 52. Second messengers in signal transduction. Types of second messengers. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), the adenylyl cyclase system and G-proteins. Nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP.53- Transduction Systems for Peptide Hormones and second messengers4 min · 10 cards
  4. 53. Second messengers in signal transduction. Calcium and calmoduline. Lipid mediators: inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), diacylgrlycerols (DAG), phosphatydilinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3), ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate.54-Transduction Systems for Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, and Cytokines…4 min · 10 cards
  5. 54. Hormones of the pituitary gland. Hypothalamic-pituitary system – releasing hormones. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Hormones from the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Synthesis, secretion and biological effects of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Synthesis, degradation and effects on metabolism of the thyroid hormones. Deiodinases. Thyroid gland disorders.Being written
  6. 55. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hormonal control over synthesis and general characteristics of steroid hormones. Synthesis of mineralo- and glucocorticoids. Releasing hormones: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Regulatory mechanisms that control synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex. Biological and metabolic effects of cortisol. Clinical cases with increased or decreased secretion of cortisol.Being written
  7. 56. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Synthesis of sex hormones. The growth hormone axis. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and 2). Defects in synthesis and the signaling pathways of growth hormone. The prolactin axis. Hormones of the neurohypophysis.Being written
  8. 57. Hormones that regulate the water and salt balance. Renin-angiotensin system. Natriuretic peptides. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Synthesis, secretion and signaling.Being written
  9. 58. Hormones of the pancreas – insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Synthesis, secretion, signaling pathways and biological effects.Being written
  10. 59. Catecholamines. Hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. Synthesis, signaling pathways, biological and metabolic effects.Being written
  11. 60. Hormones that bind intracellular receptors. General characteristics of nuclear receptors. Different types of intracellular receptors. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR). Thyroid hormone receptors. Steroid hormone receptors. Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids through inhibition the NF-kB-signaling pathway. Antiestrogens. Intracellular signaling pathways of vitamin D3. Other families of intracellular receptors: retinoid X receptors (RXRs), liver X receptors (LXRs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), farnesoid X receptor (FXRs) and pregnane X receptor (PXR).51-Integrated Regulation of Metabolism at the Organism Level5 min · 10 cards
  12. 61. Molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis. Tumor cells features. Tumor markers. Factors that cause cancer. Direct carcinogens and pro-carcinogens. Pro-carcinogen metabolic activation. Stages of chemical carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Mechanisms of transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Oncogenes and growth factors. Oncogenic viruses. Oncogenes and signal transduction. Mechanisms of tumor cell progression and metastasis. P-glycoproteins. Tumor-suppressor genes. Mechanism of action of anticancer drugs.61-MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ONCOGENESIS5 min · 10 cards
  13. 62. Apoptosis – molecular mechanisms and biological role. Internal and external pathways of apoptosis. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. The role of caspases in apoptosis. TNFR and Fas signal pathways. The role of Bcl-2 family proteins. Anti-apoptotic signals for cell survival – the role of PI3K and PKB/Akt. Integrin signaling in cell survival and apoptosis. p53 signal pathway.60-Apoptosis4 min · 10 cards
  14. 63. Pathobiochemical mechanisms of Diabetes mellitus (DM). Classification. Genetic and environmental factors as a predisposition for the development of DM. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolic disorders and complications of T1DM and T2DM. Diabetes and obesity. T2DM and hyperglycemia: oxidative stress, the sorbitol pathway, advanced glycation end-products and their receptors (AGEs and RAGEs), activation of the DAG/PKC cascade. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria. Biochemical indicators in the diagnosis of diabetes.57-Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Changes in Type I and Type II…5 min · 10 cards
  15. 64. Biochemistry of blood. Biomedical importance of the blood. Blood cells. Erythrocytes: erythropoiesis and role of erythropoietin; hematocrit, enzymopathies and anemias, metabolism and bioenergetics. Leukocytes: metabolism, bioenergetics and phagocytosis. Regulation of T-lymphocytes metabolism. T-cell receptor complex (TCR).66: BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND METABOLISM OF RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS6 min · 16 cards
  16. 65. Biochemistry of blood. Blood plasma and blood serum. Plasma proteins – fractions, representative and biological role. Albumin. Acute-phase proteins. C-reactive protein (CRP). Haptoglobin, hemopexin. Transferrin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin. α 2- macroglobulin. α 1-antitrypsin. Complement system. Matrix metalloproteinases. Serum amyloid A (SAA). Plasma immunoglobulins. Participation of plasma proteins in inflammatory response.Being written
  17. 66. Biochemistry of blood coagulation. Hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood coagulation cascade: extrinsic, intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. Conversion of fibrinogen in fibrin. Proteins involved in blood coagulation. Vitamin K-dependent post-translational modifications. Fibrinolysis. Regulation of hemostasis.17. Hemostasis and blood coagulation · 18. Fibrinolytic system and physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation.12 min · 42 cards
  18. 67. Mechanisms of cellular adhesion. Types of adhesion molecules – structure and biological role – integrins, cadherins, immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules. Cytoskeleton and cell adhesion. Types of cell contacts. Actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules. Clinical significance.58: Molecular Basis of Intercellular Interactions6 min · 16 cards
  19. 68. Extracellular matrix (connective tissue) – role. Types and functions of the structural proteins. Types and functions of the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Diseases due to mutations in genes that encode for structural proteins. Mucopolysaccharidosises.69: Biochemical Processes In Epithelial And Connective Tissue4 min · 10 cards
  20. 69. Bones as a mineralized connective tissue. Chemical composition of the bones. Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts – role in the formation and remodeling of bones. Biochemistry of the ossification and bone resorption. Regulation of the bone metabolism. Metabolic and genetic disorders that affect the bones. Biochemistry of cartilage. Calcium homeostasis and factors that affect calcium homeostasis.69: Biochemical Processes In Epithelial And Connective Tissue · 70-Metabolism of Calcium And Phosphorus8 min · 20 cards
  21. 70. Nutrition and digestion. Different food types and their biological and nutritional value. Some clinical aspects of feeding. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Processes in the colon. Microbiome. Secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Disorders of digestion and absorption.64: Chemical composition and enzymes of the digestive fluids …4 min · 10 cards
  22. 71. Biochemistry of the liver. Metabolic functions. Synthesis of specific products. Metabolism of xenobiotics.65: BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE LIVER6 min · 10 cards

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