Chemistry · MU Plovdiv

11. Carbonyl compounds – aldehydes and ketones. Chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones – nucleophile addition reactions, addition- elimination reactions, reactivity of α -carbon atom (tautomerism, aldol reaction). Cnnizzaro reaction, oxidation of carbonyl compounds. Substitution reactions. Biologically active substances with quinone structure - coenzyme Q, K vitamins. Glycerolaldehyde, 11-cis retinal. Ketone bodies.

Inside: 19 sections · 22 labelled pictures · 33 flashcards · 11 min

Topic 11 of 26 in the MU Plovdiv syllabus for Chemistry (Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 19 sections, about 1,571 words (11 min of reading), with 33 flashcards.

In this note

  1. Aldehydes and ketones Definition and Classification:
  2. Structure and nomenclature.
  3. Tautomerism
  4. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
  5. Reaction with oxygen nucleophiles (water and alcohols).
  6. Nucleophilic substitution reaction (AN + DN).
  7. Reactions with nitrogen nucleophiles(ammonia, primary amines, hydrazine and phenylhydrazine).
  8. High Yield
  9. Oxidation Reactions
  10. Reduction Reactions
  11. Aldol Condensation
  12. Cannizzaro Reaction
  13. Haloform Reaction
  14. Reaction of carbonyl compounds with carbon nucleophiles (aldol reaction and aldol condensation).
  15. Role for biological processes.
  16. Oxidation-reduction processes.
  17. Reduction of aldehydes and ketones Oxidation of aldehydes.
  18. Quinones.
  19. Ubiquinones (coenzyme Q10), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)

Aldehydes and ketones Definition and Classification:

  • Aldehydes and ketones are a group of organic molecules with a special group called the carbonyl group (C=O). This group resembles a double bond between a carbon (C) atom and an oxygen (O) atom. The carbon atom in this group has two additional "arms" available for bonding, like empty slots waiting to be filled.
  • These arms can connect to different building blocks:
  • Hydrogen atoms (H)
  • Alkyl groups: These are chains of carbon atoms linked together, similar to miniature gasoline molecules.
  • Aryl groups: These are ring-shaped clusters of carbon atoms, resembling the structure found in benzene.
  • Now, let's explore the key difference between aldehydes and ketones based on how they connect to the carbonyl group:
  • 1. Aldehydes:
  • One arm is always bonded to a hydrogen atom (H).
  • The other arm can connect to:
  • Another hydrogen atom (H)
  • An alkyl group
  • An aryl group
  • 2. Ketones:
  • Neither arm is connected to a hydrogen atom (H).
  • Both arms are bonded to:
  • Alkyl groups
  • Aryl groups (but not both in the same molecule)
  • Examples:

Continue reading free

The whole note, all 19 sections, is free with an AceMed account, with its 33 flashcards. Premium adds flashcard recall, highlights and Ask AI.

Start freeAlready a member? Open the note