1. Health and disease, contemporary view of disease. Pathologic reactions, processes and conditions. General etiology and pathogenesis.

HEALTH AND DISEASE, CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF DISEASE. PATHOLOGIC REACTIONS, PROCESSES AND CONDITIONS. GENERAL ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

• ⭐ Health - the state of an organism, when it functions optimally without any evidence of disease with a complete physical, social and psychological well-being
• ⭐ Disease - unusual manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents

Contemporary view of disease

• ⭐ Contemporary view - a pathological process with characteristic signs and symptoms involved in the whole body or any specific body part
• ❏ There are 4 main components

1. Etiology - cause
2. Pathogenesis - mechanism of development
3. Morphological - structural changes
4. Clinical manifestations - symptoms, consequences

Pathologic reactions

• ⭐ Pathological process - process that occurs due to the disease

Basic etiology

• ⭐ Etiology - the cause of a disease

1. Intrinsic

• Genetic
• Congenital
• Immunological
• Psychological

2. Extrinsic

• Biological
• Chemical
• Physical
• Nutritional imbalance

Pathogenesis

• ⭐ Pathogenesis - the development of disease and the biological mechanism that lead to the diseased state

Stages

1. Latent phase

• ❏ Period between infection and the stage of patient becoming infectious
• ❏ Incubation period

2. Prodromal phase

• ❏ Immune system begins to react
• ❏ Characterised by early + nonspecific symptoms
• ❏ E.g. fever, malaise, headache

3. Acute phase

• ❏ Active replication of pathogen
• ❏ Pronounced organ specific reactions

4. Convalescent phase

• ❏ Patient recovers gradually and returns to normal, but may continue to be a source of infection

Outcomes

1. Full recovery
2. Pathological condition
3. Disease
4. Remission

Basic mechanism of occurrence and development of disease (GPMAMAIT)

1. Genetic

• ❏ Altered/mutated genes can cause functional disturbances
• ❏ Abnormal proteins leading to enzyme defects + cell defects

2. Pathogenic

• ❏ Pathogens spreading toxins to different parts of the body and cause damage to cells

3. Malignancy

• ❏ Cells growing uncontrollably → spreading to distant parts, causing damage

4. Agents

• ❏ Physical agents - vibrations, temperature, radiation
• ❏ Chemical agents - destruction of membrane + proteins

5. Malnutrition

• ❏ Deficiency of nutrients leading to disease

6. Autoimmunity

• ❏ Body producing immune response against own cells and tissues

7. Inflammation

• ❏ Genetic response to infection or cell injury
• ❏ Symptoms = pain, swelling, redness, heat, loss of function

8. Tissue degeneration + necrosis

• ❏ Autolysis of cells caused by external factors such as infection, toxins, and trauma