Female Sex Hormones – Drugs and Clinical Application; Hormonal Contraceptives
Female sex hormones primarily include estrogens and progesterone.
Classification
- Estrogens:
- Estradiol
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Epimestrol
- Ethinylestradiol
- Premarin
- Gestagens (Progestins):
- Progesterone
- Norethisterone
- Allylestrenol
Pharmacodynamics
- Estrogens
Estrogens bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in target tissues, influencing gene transcription and protein synthesis.
Effects of Estrogens:
- Stimulate growth and development of female reproductive organs
- Develop secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breast development)
- Maintain bone density and reduce osteoporosis risk
- Improve cardiovascular health by enhancing lipid profiles
- Influence mood and cognitive function
- Gestagens (Progesterone):
Progesterone binds to progesterone receptors (PR-A and PR-B), affecting gene transcription and protein synthesis.
Effects of Progesterone:
- Prepare and maintain the endometrium for pregnancy
- Regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent uterine contractions during pregnancy
- Promote mammary gland development for lactation
- Influence mood and sleep patterns
- Modulate fat storage and glucose metabolism
Hormonal Contraceptives
- Common Types:
- Ethinyl estradiol + Norethindrone (oral)
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate (injectable)
- Mechanism of Action:
- Inhibits ovulation by suppressing LH and FSH
- Thickens cervical mucus
- Alters endometrial lining to prevent implantation