Introduces the two families of molecular forces, intramolecular bonds (ionic, covalent, dative) and intermolecular forces (van der Waals, hydrogen bonds). It then covers covalent bonds, their properties and sigma, pi and delta types, valence bond theory with hybridisation, saturation and direction, dative bonds, delocalisation and conjugated systems, and polar versus non-polar bonds judged by electronegativity difference. It closes with the degree of ionicity, ranging from zero to one.
Topic 2 of 42 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Chemistry (Dental Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 9 sections, about 604 words (4 min of reading), with 5 flashcards.
In this note
Nature of chemical bonding
Covalent bond
Valance bond theory
Saturation and direction of covalent bond and direction of covalent bond:
Coordinate covalent bond -(Dative bond).
Delocalized covalent bond
Cyclic and acyclic conjugated systems
Polar and non-polar covalent bonds
Degree of ionicity
Nature of chemical bonding
Forces that binds molecules together, there are two types of molecular forces:
Intr(a) molecular forces, these are the forces between atoms of molecules and compounds. it has three types as follows
Ionic bonding
covalent bonding
dative bonding (one atom donates electron pair into a covalent bond.
Inte(r) molecular forces between atoms of different molecules
Van der wall forces
Hydrogen forces
Examples :
Covalent bond
Definition : The bond that is formed between atoms by sharing of electrons
properties :
low melting point and boiling point
poor elecrical conductors
can be gases, liquids or solids
Example:
Types of covalent bonds :
Sigma : (σ bonds ) are the strongest type of covalent chemical bond. They are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals.
Pi : result from the sideways overlap of atomic orbitals that are in contact through two areas of overlap. Pi bonds are more diffuse bonds than the sigma bonds.
Delta bonds: (δ bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, where four lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap four lobes of the other involved in atomic orbital.
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