24. Examination methods in ophthalmology: Examination of the conjunctiva, lacrimal system, cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, pupil, lens, posterior segment of the eye, intraocular pressure
Walks through the ophthalmic examination in order, starting with history taking and common ocular symptoms and their causes, then external examination of the head, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus and eyeball. It moves on to the conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, pupil and lens, including intraocular pressure, and ends with fundus findings such as the optic disc, macula, retinal vessels and background. Tables of symptom causes and lists of signs and differential findings are included throughout.
Topic 24 of 91 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Ophthalmology (Medicine, Year 4). The free AceMed note covers it in 13 sections, about 2,744 words (19 min of reading), with 14 flashcards.
In this note
Ophthalmic status Topic 19
History
c) Common ocular symptoms and their causes
General and physical examination
External ocular examination
Examination of cornea
Examination of anterior chamber (slit lamp)
Examination of the iris
Examination of pupil
Examination of the lens
Macula
Retinal blood vessels
Retinal background
History
a) Demographic data
Name & address (for identification & research) Age & sex (research & common diseases for the sex or age) Occupation (hazards increase risk) e.g. foreign bodies/trauma common in workers, farmer, athletes heat cataract in glass factory , photophthalmitis in welders
Religion: particular communities have different diseases & practises
b) Main complaints (should be recorded in order and duration)
Defective vision, watering and discharge, redness, asthenopic symptoms , photophobia, burning/itching/foreign body sensation, pain(eye or head), deviation of the eye, diplopia, black sports , coloured halos etc.
c) History of present illnesses
Mode of onset , severity , progression and symptoms
d) History of past illness
Similar complains in the past ( recurrent conditions like herpes simplex keratitis, uveitis and recurrent corneal erosions)
Similar complains in the other eye ( bilateral conditions may exist Uveitis, senile cataract , retinal detachment; to take precautions)
Any trauma (accompanying results , delayed rosette cataract , detach)
Previous surgery and drug intake (toxicity might be the cause)
Systemic diseases : TB, syphilis, leprosy & Lyme ,measles etc.
Family history ( predisposition, congenital cataract, ptosis, squint , corneal dystrophies ,glaucoma and refractive error )
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