Financing the health system. Typology of health systems in developed countries. Basic characteristics of health insurance system.
- Health insurance type Bismarck through social security (e.g.Germany, Japan, France, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Israel),
financing: Obligatory payment from the employer and employee for health funds or through social security.
- National health service type Beverage (e.g. Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece), financing: The government – fees and taxes; Great Britain – national financing; Scandinavian countries – mixed national, regional and local taxation.
- National health system type Semashko (e.g. the former Soviet union), financing: The
- National health insurance type Douglas, realized through the government (e.g. Canada, Australia), financing: Taxes, distribution of expenditures between the local and federal governments
- Mixed private/public systems (e.g. USA, Latin America (Columbia), Asia (The Philippines) and Africa (Nigeria), financing: Private insurance through the employer and public insurance through social security for specific population groups
- health insurance system:
- State regulation through legislation
- Pluralistic (public and private) ownership of health resources
- Well developed market mechanisms
- Orientated towards the demand of health services
- The system is sustainable because of high resources, well established market mechanisms and normative regulation
- Decentralization in system management
- Health-insurance funds pay for health expenditures
- Typical countries: Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France