Дентална медицина · 1 курс · МУ София
Биология
Биологията се изучава в 1 курс на специалност Дентална медицина в Медицински университет – София. Конспектът ѝ от 64 теми е разделен на седем раздела: молекулярна биология, генетика, клетъчен цикъл, размножаване и развитие, имунология, популационна генетика, обширна част по паразитология с протозои, червеи и членестоноги преносители и накрая еволюция, която завършва с черепа и устната кухина. В AceMed има записки по всяка тема, общо около пет часа четене, изградени около 150 означени изображения и шест таблици. Много от записките съдържат мнемоники и въпроси за преговор, особено по паразитология и имунология, а към тях има и 1033 флашкарти.
Целият конспект на МУ София по Биология, дентална медицина, 1 курс: 64 теми, всяка с безплатна записка (5 часа четене), и 196 флашкарти. Обновено на 30 октомври 2026 г.
- теми в конспекта
- 64
- безплатни записки
- 64
- флашкарти
- 196
- четене
- 5 ч
Конспект
Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ София. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.
Молекулярна биология 10 теми
- 1. Comparative structural and functional characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Origin and evolution of the cell.1. Origin and evolution of cells.5 мин
- 2. Proteins. Levels of structural organization of proteins. Protein domains.2. Proteins. Protein domains. Protein families.4 мин
- 3. Nucleic acids. DNA structure.3. Nucleic acids. DNA. RNA5 мин
- 4. RNA types – structure and functions.3. Nucleic acids. DNA. RNA5 мин · 20 флашкарти
- 5. Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. The cytoskeleton as a self-assembling system.4. Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. Cytoskeleton.6 мин
- 6. Transcription.3 мин
- 7. RNA processing.2 мин
- 8. Genetic code. Translation.6 мин
- 9. Protein folding, chaperones, prions. Posttranslational modification of proteins. Senescence and degradation of proteins.8. Proteins after translation: sorting, folding, modifications, degradation.4 мин
- 10. DNA replication. Basic modes of replication.9. DNA replication.4 мин
Генетика 7 теми
- 11. Levels of eukaryotic DNA package. Nucleosomes. Eu- and heterochromatin.18. Chromatin. Nucleosomes.2 мин
- 12. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization. Types of DNA sequences. DNA-binding proteins. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.12. Prokaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression. · 13. Eukaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression.9 мин
- 13. Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) heredity in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.14. Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) inheritance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.2 мин
- 14. Structure of metaphase chromosomes. Human karyotype. Methods of karyotyping.19. Human karyotype. Types of chromosomes. · 40. Methods of karyotyping and chromosome analysis.6 мин
- 15. Mutational variation. Gene mutations. Single-gene disorders.20. Gene mutations. Mechanisms and mutagenic factors.3 мин
- 16. Structural chromosomal mutations. Numerical chromosomal mutations. Chromosome disorders.21. Chromosomal mutations. Evolution of karyotype.2 мин
- 17. Genes and alleles. Interactions between allelic genes, patterns of inheritance. Interaction between non-allelic genes. Penetrance and expressivity. Heredity and environment.22. Genes and alleles. Dominance and recessivity - mechanisms, medical examples. Penetrance and expressivity.3 мин
Клетъчен цикъл, размножаване и развитие 7 теми
- 18. Cell cycle: interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Cell cycle control: checkpoints and regulator proteins.27. Cell cycle. Mitosis. Cell cycle control.5 мин
- 19. Extracellular control of cell division: proto-oncogenes, growth factors, oncogenes, tumor suppressors.28. Growth factors, protooncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors. Oncogenic viruses8 мин
- 20. Meiosis. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over.15. General (homologous) recombination. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over.3 мин
- 21. Gametogenesis in animals and human. Origin of germ cells. Spermatogenesis. Mammalian sperm cells.32. Spermatogenesis. Mammalian spermatozoa.1 мин
- 22. Oogenesis. Oocyte maturation. Mature mammalian ova.33. Oogenesis. Mature mammalian ova.8 мин
- 23. Fertilization: changes in gamete membranes, cytoskeleton and chromatin. Polyspermy block. In vitro fertilization.34. Fertilization. Interaction of maternal and paternal genomes.3 мин
- 24. Embryonic development of deuterostomes: cleavage, gastrulation. Neurulation in chordates.36. Embryonic development – early stages (zygote to neurula).6 мин · 10 флашкарти
Имунология 11 теми
- 25. Innate immunity. Barriers of non-specific immunity. Phagocytes. NK cells. Complement system: alternative pathway of complement activation.46. Innate immunity.5 мин
- 26. Adaptive immunity. Humoral immunity. Structure of antibodies. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Antigenic determinants recognized by antibodies. Antigens and haptens.47. Structure of antibodies.3 мин
- 27. Functions of antibodies of different classes. Opsonization. Classical pathway of complement binding and activation.48. Functions of antibodies.6 мин
- 28. Cell-mediated immunity. Molecules of cell-mediated immunity: T-cell receptor (TCR). (MHC).49. Molecules of cell-mediated immunity.5 мин
- 29. Functions of T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T helpers.50. Cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes.9 мин
- 30. Central (primary) lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte differentiation in the central lymphoid organs. Acquisition of immune competence, selection of immature lymphocytes.52. Lymphocyte differentiation in central lymphoid organs.8 мин
- 31. Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs. Development of the immune response in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Cell interactions, activation of T and B lymphocytes.53. Lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral lymphoid organs. Immune response9 мин
- 32. Immunological memory. Primary and secondary immune response.54. Immune memory.3 мин
- 33. Regulation of the immune response. Regulatory T cells. Immune tolerance.55. Immune tolerance. Regulatory T lymphocytes.2 мин
- 34. Transplantation immunity. Host versus graft reaction. Types of transplants. Graft versus host reaction.56. Transplantation immunity.10 мин
- 35. Alloantigens of human erythrocytes. ABO blood group system. H blood group system. Biosynthesis of ABH antigens. Rhesus blood group system.58. Blood group alloantigens. ABO and H blood groups.6 мин · 13 флашкарти
Популационна генетика 4 теми
- 36. Population biology and genetics. Concept of population. Phenotype, genotype and gene frequences. Types of mating. Hardy – Weinberg law.23. Phenotype, genotype and allele frequencies. Hardy – Weinberg la10 мин
- 37. Factors influencing gene frequences. Mutations. Migration. Natural selection.24. Factors influencing allele frequencies: mutations, migrations, natural selection.8 мин
- 38. Effects of isolation: genetic drift, founder effect, inbreeding. Kinship and inbreeding coefficients.25. Effects of isolation: genetic drift, inbreeding.3 мин
- 39. Quantitative traits. Comparative characterization of qualitative and quantitative traits. Examples. Statistical analysis of quantitative traits, Gaussian distribution curve.26. Quantitative traits.2 мин
Паразитология 21 теми
- 40. Parasitism. Characterization of parasitism in comparison with other ecological relationships. Life cycles of parasites. Intermediate and definitive (final) hosts. Adaptations for parasitism.103. Overview of parasitism. · Evolution12 мин
- 41. Unicellular motile eukaryotes (Protozoa). Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Trypanosoma cruzi.78. Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Genus Trypanosoma..8 мин
- 42. Leishmania donovani.79. Genus Leishmania.2 мин
- 43. Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas tenax. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis).80. Genus Trichomonas. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis).8 мин
- 44. Subphylum Sarcodina. Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba gingivalis.81. Subphylum Sarcodina. Genus Entamoeba.8 мин
- 45. Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa). Toxoplasma gondii.82. Phylum Apicomplexa. Toxoplasma gondii.8 мин
- 46. Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium malariae. Plasmodium falciparum.83. Genus Plasmodium. Morphological differences in the erythrocyte schizogony of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum.3 мин · 15 флашкарти
- 47. Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra.85. Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra. Genus Obelia.8 мин · 10 флашкарти
- 48. Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Fasciola hepatica.86. Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Genus Fasciola.8 мин · 10 флашкарти
- 49. Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum). Genus Schistosoma.87. Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum). · 88. Genus Opisthorchis. Genus Schistosoma.3 мин · 12 флашкарти
- 50. Class Cestoda. Taenia saginata. Taenia solium.90. Taenia saginata. Taenia solium.2 мин · 15 флашкарти
- 51. Echinococcus granulosus.91. Echinococcus granulosus. Hymenolepis nana.1 мин
- 52. Phylum Nematoda: important evolutionary changes. Ascaris lumbricoides.92. Phylum Nematoda. Ascaris lumbricoides.2 мин · 12 флашкарти
- 53. Enterobius vermicularis. Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephalus trichiurus).2 мин · 14 флашкарти
- 54. Trichinella spiralis.7 мин · 14 флашкарти
- 55. Phylum Annelida: important evolutionary changes. Lumbricus terrestris. Hirudo medicinalis.2 мин
- 56. Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Arachnida. Order Scorpiones and order Araneae.98. Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Crustacea: general characterization. Class Arachnida. Orders Scorpiones and Araneae.3 мин
- 57. Order Acari. The role of ticks as vectors.100. Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers.2 мин
- 58. Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers.2 мин · 10 флашкарти
- 59. Pediculus humanus. Phthirius pubis. Cimex lectularius. Pulex irritans.2 мин
- 60. Genus Culex and genus Anopheles: morphological differences. Phlebotomus papatasii.102. Genus Culex and genus Anopheles: morphological differences. Genus Phlebotomus.3 мин
Еволюция 4 теми
- 61. Origin, evolution and systematics of vertebrates.60. Animal evolution before vertebrates.7 мин · 10 флашкарти
- 62. Origin and evolution of the cerebral skull (cartilaginous and bony).62. Phylogeny and development of the skull.8 мин · 16 флашкарти
- 63. Origin and evolution of the visceral skull (cartilaginous and bony).62. Phylogeny and development of the skull.8 мин
- 64. Evolution of oral cavity, teeth, tongue and salivary gland76. Human evolution..8 мин · 15 флашкарти
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