AceMed
UniversitiesFAQБГLog inStart free
  1. AceMed
  2. Universities
  3. MU Sofia
  4. Dental Medicine
  5. Year 1
  6. Biology

Dental Medicine · Year 1 · MU Sofia

Biology

Biology is taught in Year 1 of the Dental Medicine degree at the Medical University of Sofia, and its syllabus of 64 topics runs through seven chapters: molecular biology, genetics, the cell cycle with reproduction and development, immunology, population genetics, a large parasitology section covering protozoa, worms and arthropod vectors, and finally evolution, ending with the skull and the oral cavity. AceMed has notes for every topic, about five hours of reading in all, built around 150 labelled pictures with six tables. Many notes add mnemonics and recap questions, especially in parasitology and immunology, and 1,033 flashcards accompany them.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Biology, Dental Medicine, Year 1: 64 topics, every one with a free study note (5 hours of reading), and 196 flashcards. Updated 30 October 2026.

syllabus topics
64
free notes
64
flashcards
196
of reading
5 h
Read the notes freeAlready a member? Open it

Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

Molecular biology 10 topics

  1. 1. Comparative structural and functional characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Origin and evolution of the cell.1. Origin and evolution of cells.5 min
  2. 2. Proteins. Levels of structural organization of proteins. Protein domains.2. Proteins. Protein domains. Protein families.4 min
  3. 3. Nucleic acids. DNA structure.3. Nucleic acids. DNA. RNA5 min
  4. 4. RNA types – structure and functions.3. Nucleic acids. DNA. RNA5 min · 20 cards
  5. 5. Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. The cytoskeleton as a self-assembling system.4. Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. Cytoskeleton.6 min
  6. 6. Transcription.3 min
  7. 7. RNA processing.2 min
  8. 8. Genetic code. Translation.6 min
  9. 9. Protein folding, chaperones, prions. Posttranslational modification of proteins. Senescence and degradation of proteins.8. Proteins after translation: sorting, folding, modifications, degradation.4 min
  10. 10. DNA replication. Basic modes of replication.9. DNA replication.4 min

Genetics 7 topics

  1. 11. Levels of eukaryotic DNA package. Nucleosomes. Eu- and heterochromatin.18. Chromatin. Nucleosomes.2 min
  2. 12. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization. Types of DNA sequences. DNA-binding proteins. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.12. Prokaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression. · 13. Eukaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression.9 min
  3. 13. Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) heredity in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.14. Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) inheritance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.2 min
  4. 14. Structure of metaphase chromosomes. Human karyotype. Methods of karyotyping.19. Human karyotype. Types of chromosomes. · 40. Methods of karyotyping and chromosome analysis.6 min
  5. 15. Mutational variation. Gene mutations. Single-gene disorders.20. Gene mutations. Mechanisms and mutagenic factors.3 min
  6. 16. Structural chromosomal mutations. Numerical chromosomal mutations. Chromosome disorders.21. Chromosomal mutations. Evolution of karyotype.2 min
  7. 17. Genes and alleles. Interactions between allelic genes, patterns of inheritance. Interaction between non-allelic genes. Penetrance and expressivity. Heredity and environment.22. Genes and alleles. Dominance and recessivity - mechanisms, medical examples. Penetrance and expressivity.3 min

Cell cycle, reproduction and development 7 topics

  1. 18. Cell cycle: interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Cell cycle control: checkpoints and regulator proteins.27. Cell cycle. Mitosis. Cell cycle control.5 min
  2. 19. Extracellular control of cell division: proto-oncogenes, growth factors, oncogenes, tumor suppressors.28. Growth factors, protooncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors. Oncogenic viruses8 min
  3. 20. Meiosis. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over.15. General (homologous) recombination. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over.3 min
  4. 21. Gametogenesis in animals and human. Origin of germ cells. Spermatogenesis. Mammalian sperm cells.32. Spermatogenesis. Mammalian spermatozoa.1 min
  5. 22. Oogenesis. Oocyte maturation. Mature mammalian ova.33. Oogenesis. Mature mammalian ova.8 min
  6. 23. Fertilization: changes in gamete membranes, cytoskeleton and chromatin. Polyspermy block. In vitro fertilization.34. Fertilization. Interaction of maternal and paternal genomes.3 min
  7. 24. Embryonic development of deuterostomes: cleavage, gastrulation. Neurulation in chordates.36. Embryonic development – early stages (zygote to neurula).6 min · 10 cards

Immunology 11 topics

  1. 25. Innate immunity. Barriers of non-specific immunity. Phagocytes. NK cells. Complement system: alternative pathway of complement activation.46. Innate immunity.5 min
  2. 26. Adaptive immunity. Humoral immunity. Structure of antibodies. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Antigenic determinants recognized by antibodies. Antigens and haptens.47. Structure of antibodies.3 min
  3. 27. Functions of antibodies of different classes. Opsonization. Classical pathway of complement binding and activation.48. Functions of antibodies.6 min
  4. 28. Cell-mediated immunity. Molecules of cell-mediated immunity: T-cell receptor (TCR). (MHC).49. Molecules of cell-mediated immunity.5 min
  5. 29. Functions of T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T helpers.50. Cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes.9 min
  6. 30. Central (primary) lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte differentiation in the central lymphoid organs. Acquisition of immune competence, selection of immature lymphocytes.52. Lymphocyte differentiation in central lymphoid organs.8 min
  7. 31. Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs. Development of the immune response in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Cell interactions, activation of T and B lymphocytes.53. Lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral lymphoid organs. Immune response9 min
  8. 32. Immunological memory. Primary and secondary immune response.54. Immune memory.3 min
  9. 33. Regulation of the immune response. Regulatory T cells. Immune tolerance.55. Immune tolerance. Regulatory T lymphocytes.2 min
  10. 34. Transplantation immunity. Host versus graft reaction. Types of transplants. Graft versus host reaction.56. Transplantation immunity.10 min
  11. 35. Alloantigens of human erythrocytes. ABO blood group system. H blood group system. Biosynthesis of ABH antigens. Rhesus blood group system.58. Blood group alloantigens. ABO and H blood groups.6 min · 13 cards

Population genetics 4 topics

  1. 36. Population biology and genetics. Concept of population. Phenotype, genotype and gene frequences. Types of mating. Hardy – Weinberg law.23. Phenotype, genotype and allele frequencies. Hardy – Weinberg la10 min
  2. 37. Factors influencing gene frequences. Mutations. Migration. Natural selection.24. Factors influencing allele frequencies: mutations, migrations, natural selection.8 min
  3. 38. Effects of isolation: genetic drift, founder effect, inbreeding. Kinship and inbreeding coefficients.25. Effects of isolation: genetic drift, inbreeding.3 min
  4. 39. Quantitative traits. Comparative characterization of qualitative and quantitative traits. Examples. Statistical analysis of quantitative traits, Gaussian distribution curve.26. Quantitative traits.2 min

Parasitology 21 topics

  1. 40. Parasitism. Characterization of parasitism in comparison with other ecological relationships. Life cycles of parasites. Intermediate and definitive (final) hosts. Adaptations for parasitism.103. Overview of parasitism. · Evolution12 min
  2. 41. Unicellular motile eukaryotes (Protozoa). Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Trypanosoma cruzi.78. Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Genus Trypanosoma..8 min
  3. 42. Leishmania donovani.79. Genus Leishmania.2 min
  4. 43. Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas tenax. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis).80. Genus Trichomonas. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis).8 min
  5. 44. Subphylum Sarcodina. Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba gingivalis.81. Subphylum Sarcodina. Genus Entamoeba.8 min
  6. 45. Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa). Toxoplasma gondii.82. Phylum Apicomplexa. Toxoplasma gondii.8 min
  7. 46. Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium malariae. Plasmodium falciparum.83. Genus Plasmodium. Morphological differences in the erythrocyte schizogony of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum.3 min · 15 cards
  8. 47. Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra.85. Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra. Genus Obelia.8 min · 10 cards
  9. 48. Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Fasciola hepatica.86. Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Genus Fasciola.8 min · 10 cards
  10. 49. Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum). Genus Schistosoma.87. Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum). · 88. Genus Opisthorchis. Genus Schistosoma.3 min · 12 cards
  11. 50. Class Cestoda. Taenia saginata. Taenia solium.90. Taenia saginata. Taenia solium.2 min · 15 cards
  12. 51. Echinococcus granulosus.91. Echinococcus granulosus. Hymenolepis nana.1 min
  13. 52. Phylum Nematoda: important evolutionary changes. Ascaris lumbricoides.92. Phylum Nematoda. Ascaris lumbricoides.2 min · 12 cards
  14. 53. Enterobius vermicularis. Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephalus trichiurus).2 min · 14 cards
  15. 54. Trichinella spiralis.7 min · 14 cards
  16. 55. Phylum Annelida: important evolutionary changes. Lumbricus terrestris. Hirudo medicinalis.2 min
  17. 56. Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Arachnida. Order Scorpiones and order Araneae.98. Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Crustacea: general characterization. Class Arachnida. Orders Scorpiones and Araneae.3 min
  18. 57. Order Acari. The role of ticks as vectors.100. Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers.2 min
  19. 58. Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers.2 min · 10 cards
  20. 59. Pediculus humanus. Phthirius pubis. Cimex lectularius. Pulex irritans.2 min
  21. 60. Genus Culex and genus Anopheles: morphological differences. Phlebotomus papatasii.102. Genus Culex and genus Anopheles: morphological differences. Genus Phlebotomus.3 min

Evolution 4 topics

  1. 61. Origin, evolution and systematics of vertebrates.60. Animal evolution before vertebrates.7 min · 10 cards
  2. 62. Origin and evolution of the cerebral skull (cartilaginous and bony).62. Phylogeny and development of the skull.8 min · 16 cards
  3. 63. Origin and evolution of the visceral skull (cartilaginous and bony).62. Phylogeny and development of the skull.8 min
  4. 64. Evolution of oral cavity, teeth, tongue and salivary gland76. Human evolution..8 min · 15 cards

Biology at other universities

  • MU Pleven, Medicine63 notes

Other Year 1 subjects

  • Bulgarian3 notes
  • Chemistry42 notes
  • Cytology127 notes
  • Dental Materials52 notes
  • Latin23 notes
  • Physics42 notes

Read every note free

Make a free account to read the notes, plan your studying and track what you've covered. Premium adds flashcard recall, highlights and Ask AI.

Start free

AceMed is independent and not affiliated with the universities listed. Syllabi follow each university's published programme.

UniversitiesFAQTermsPrivacyLegal notice