Anatomy · MU Sofia

Internal Organs+Glands · 97-98. Pineal gland or epiphysis.

Covers the pineal gland's position in the epithalamus, its shape and size, and its neighbouring structures listed in a syntopy diagram, followed by its histological cells, blood supply and melatonin-related functions in sleep and circadian rhythm. It then moves to the thyroid gland: its site, H-shaped form, two capsules, lobes and isthmus, nerve supply, follicular and parafollicular cell histology, arterial, venous and lymphatic drainage. Several labelled diagrams accompany the text.

Inside: 13 sections · 6 labelled pictures · 10 flashcards · 4 min

Topic 90 of 264 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Anatomy (Dental Medicine, Year 2). The free AceMed note covers it in 12 sections, about 595 words (4 min of reading), with 10 flashcards.

In this note

  1. 97 PINEAL GLAND
  2. Syntopy :
  3. Histological structure
  4. Vasculation : → Posterior chorodial artery.
  5. Functions :
  6. 98 THYROID GLAND
  7. Structure:
  8. Capsules of the thyroid gland (2 capsules).
  9. Parts:
  10. Innervation:
  11. Histology:
  12. Vasculation :

97 PINEAL GLAND

  • Is a Small , Pinecone - shaped.
  • Located deep within the brain , in the epithalamus , near the center of the brain between the two hemispheres.
  • Lies between the habenular commissure and posterior commissure .
  • About 10 mm long and weights about 160 mg.

Syntopy :

  • 1 Pineal gland
  • 2 Cranially: corpus callosum
  • 3 Caudally: quadrigeminal plate
  • 4 Rostrally: third ventricle
  • 5 Dorsolaterally: quadrigeminal cistern
  • 6 Dorsally: great cerebral vein

Histological structure

  • 1 Pia mater – is located on the surface of the gland
  • – emits septa inside the gland, which contain vessels and unmyelinated nerve fibres
  • 2 Pinealocytes – the melatonin secreting cells
  • 3 Interstitial cells – specific astrocytes of the pineal gland
  • → perivascular phagocyte cells.

Functions :

  • Secreation melatonin , secreated primarily in darkness. → Regulate sleep - wake cycles
  • Involved in the control of circadian rythum.

98 THYROID GLAND

  • The largest endocrine gland.
  • Site : in the lower part of the front of the neck , and extends to the sides of the neck. (it is in the visceral compartment of the neck). . around the trachea. (between C5-T1)
  • It is H-shaped
  • Develops from the epithelium of the floor of the mouth.
  • It is dark brownish in colour.
  • weight around 18 - 60 g in detailes.

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