Explains the carbonyl group and how aldehydes and ketones differ in their bonding, then covers IUPAC and common naming with the key position rules. Keto-enol tautomerism follows, with the acid and base conditions that favour each form. The note then walks through cyanohydrin formation, hemiacetal and acetal or hemiketal and ketal formation with alcohols, and imine (Schiff base) formation with nitrogen nucleophiles. It closes with oxidation tests such as Tollens' and Fehling's, reduction, aldol condensation, the Cannizzaro reaction and the haloform test for methyl ketones.
Topic 24 of 42 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Chemistry (Dental Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 13 sections, about 1,148 words (8 min of reading), with 18 flashcards.
In this note
Aldehydes and ketones Definition and Classification :
Structure and nomenclature.
Tautomerism
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
Reaction with oxygen nucleophiles (water and alcohols).
Nucleophilic substitution reaction (AN + DN).
Reactions with nitrogen nucleophiles(ammonia, primary amines, hydrazine and phenylhydrazine).
High Yield
Oxidation Reactions
Reduction Reactions
Aldol Condensation
Cannizzaro Reaction
Haloform Reaction
Aldehydes and ketones Definition and Classification :
Aldehydes and ketones are a group of organic molecules with a special group called the carbonyl group (C=O). This group resembles a double bond between a carbon (C) atom and an oxygen (O) atom. The carbon atom in this group has two additional "arms" available for bonding, like empty slots waiting to be filled.
These arms can connect to different building blocks:
Hydrogen atoms (H)
Alkyl groups: These are chains of carbon atoms linked together, similar to miniature gasoline molecules.
Aryl groups: These are ring-shaped clusters of carbon atoms, resembling the structure found in benzene.
Now, let's explore the key difference between aldehydes and ketones based on how they connect to the carbonyl group:
1. Aldehydes:
One arm is always bonded to a hydrogen atom (H).
The other arm can connect to:
Another hydrogen atom (H)
An alkyl group
An aryl group
2. Ketones:
Neither arm is connected to a hydrogen atom (H).
Both arms are bonded to:
Alkyl groups
Aryl groups (but not both in the same molecule)
Examples:
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