Introduces amines as nitrogen compounds derived from ammonia and classifies them as primary, secondary or tertiary, with aliphatic and aromatic types separated. Covers naming conventions, acid-base behaviour and the order of basicity in aqueous and gas phases, plus solubility and odour. Also walks through reactions with acids, diazotisation to azo compounds, bromination of aniline, reactions with carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids, and functional derivatives. Closes with the Hinsberg test and Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
Topic 22 of 42 in the MU Sofia syllabus for Chemistry (Dental Medicine, Year 1). The free AceMed note covers it in 14 sections, about 1,248 words (9 min of reading), with 20 flashcards.
In this note
Amines
Aliphatic and aromatic amines.
Structure, nomenclature
Acid-base properties, Order of basicity of amines.
Chemical properties.
Reactions with nitric acid
Formation of azo compound (diazenes)
Electrophilic substitution in the aromatic ring of anilines.
Reactions with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids
Functional derivatives.
High Yield
Hinsberg Test (Laboratory test for classification of amines):
Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis (Preparation of primary amines):
Order of Basicity of Amines:
Amines
An Amine is a type of compound that is derived from ammonia (NH3). In other words, we can simply say that
amines are derivatives of ammonia. We study about amines in Organic Chemistry, and they are basically
classified as functional groups or organic nitrogen compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
Generally, in amines, hydrogen atoms are substituted by an aryl or alkyl group.
Aliphatic and aromatic amines.
Classification of Aliphatic Amines:
Based on the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom:
Primary amines (1° amines): The nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one alkyl group (R-NH₂)
Secondary amines (2° amines): The nitrogen atom is bonded to one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups (R₂NH).
Tertiary amines (3° amines): The nitrogen atom is bonded to three alkyl groups (R₃N) and no hydrogen atoms.
Aromatic amines are compounds where a nitrogen atom is directly attached to a benzene ring. Due to the
resonance effects within the benzene
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