Дентална медицина · 1 курс · МУ Пловдив

Химия

Целият конспект на МУ Пловдив по Химия, дентална медицина, 1 курс: 25 теми, 24 теми с безплатна записка (3 часа четене), и 548 флашкарти. Обновено на 10 ноември 2026 г.

теми в конспекта: 25
безплатни записки: 24
флашкарти: 548
четене: 3 ч

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Конспект

Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ Пловдив. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.

1. Solutions – definition and types. Molecular and ionic solutions, solubility, solubility product. Types of concentration (percent concentration, molarity, osmolarity).2.1 Dispersions · High Yield6 мин · 20 флашкарти
2. Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Acid ionization constant (Ka). Base ionization constant (Kb). Strength of acids and bases – Ka, pKa; Kb, pKb. Lewis’ theory of acids and bases.4.1 Protolysis Process · High Yield8 мин · 19 флашкарти
3. Self-ionization of water, ionic product of water (Kw). The pH scale, methods of measuring and calculating pH. Physiological pH and pH of some body fluids (saliva, blood etc.). Critical pH of saliva.4.2 Autoproteolysis. · High Yield6 мин · 17 флашкарти
4. Buffers-definition, buffer action. Calculation of pH of buffers – Henderson-Hasselbalch’s equations. Buffers in the human body.4.4 Buffer solutions6 мин · 22 флашкарти
5. Oxidation-reduction reactions-definitions. Disproportionation and comproportionation reactions – definition and examples. Biological oxidation and reduction, redox potentials. Redox pair in biological oxidation and reduction. Catabolic and anabolic reactions. Respiratory chain.5.1 Chemical redox processes · High Yield · 5.2 Redox potential · High Yield11 мин · 28 флашкарти
6. Chemical thermodynamics. The first and second laws of thermodynamics. Internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, free energy. Endergonic and exergonic reactions. High energy bonds – examples. High energy compounds and their significance in metabolism (ATP, creatine phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, thioesters, acylphosphates).3.3. Chemical thermodynamics · High Yield11 мин · 16 флашкарти
7. Coordination compounds – definition, classification, structure. Stability constant. Application in medicine.6.1 Complex compounds6 мин · 20 флашкарти
8. Chelates. Chelates formed with polyols, hydroxycarboxylic acids, amino acids, polypeptides and proteins (carboxypeptidase). Chelates with protoporphyrins – hemoglobin, chlorophyll, cytochrome c, Vitamin B12.6.1 Complex compounds6 мин · 20 флашкарти
9. Alcohols and phenols – classification, isomers. Chemical properties – acid base properties, esterification, phosphate esters of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols and phenols, dehydration, reactions of the aromatic ring formation of chelates. Biological oxidation of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1,2-ethandiol, glycerol). Thioalcohols - definition and chemical reactions; coenzyme A and other compounds with sulfhydryl (-SH) group.8.1 Alcohols and phenols · High Yield9 мин · 24 флашкарти
10. Carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones)-classification, isomerism. Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones – nucleophile addition reactions, addition-elimination reactions.10.1 Aldehydes and ketones · High Yield8 мин · 18 флашкарти
11. Carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones). Reactivity of α -carbon atom-tautomerism, aldol condensation-examples in living systems. Cannizzaro reaction, oxidation of carbonyl compounds. Substitution reactions. Biologically active substances with carbonyl group-coenzyme Q, K vitamins, camphorquinone, glycerolaldehyde, 11-cis retinal. Ketone bodies.10.2 Aldehydes and Ketones 2 · 10.1 Aldehydes and ketones · High Yield11 мин · 33 флашкарти
12. Carboxylic acids-classification. Chemical reactions of aliphatic and aromatic mono-carboxylic acids. Biological oxidation of long chain carboxylic acids (β -oxidation).11.1 Mono carboxylic acids · High Yield9 мин · 15 флашкарти
13. Saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids – properties: oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid. Fumaric acid and maleic acid-isomerism and significance in metabolism. Esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids - application in dental practice (dental composites).11.3 Saturated dicarboxylic acids · High Yield · 11.2 Unsaturated mono carboxylic acids11 мин · 31 флашкарти
14. Hydroxycarboxilic acids and ketocarboxylic acids – overview. Comparison of their chemical properties. Important compounds of this group and their biological significance – lactic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid; pyruvic acid, acetoacetic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α -ketoglutaric acid. Ketone bodies.11.4 Hydroxycarboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic acids). · 11.5 Oxo carboxylic acids11 мин · 28 флашкарти
15. Amines-classification, structure and chemical reactions. Sulfonamides. Biogenic amines GABA, histamine, serotonin, catecholamines: dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline.9.1 Amines · High Yield · 9.2 Biogenic amines12 мин · 29 флашкарти
16. α –Amino acids – classification, isomerism. Zwitterion, isoelectric pH. Chemical reactions of α -amino acids. Chemical aspects of amino acid metabolism – deamination of α -amino acids; ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids. Peptides and proteins – classification, structures, properties. Peptide hormones – examples and functions.12.1 α-Amino acids6 мин · 19 флашкарти
17. Biocatalysts – definition and structure of enzymes. Classification of the enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity – temperature, pH; influence of substrate concentration on the rate of enzymatic reaction – Michaelis-Menten constant. Zymogenes and isoenzymes. Specificity and regulation of enzyme activity - competitive and irreversible inhibitors.7. Characteristics of Enzymes · 8. Enzyme Kinetics · 9.Effect of pH and Temperature on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions14 мин · 30 флашкарти
18. Carbohydrates-classification. Monosaccharides-classification (aldoses and ketoses-examples), structure, steroisomerism and chemical reactions. Cyclic forms of monosaccharides. Disaccharides-examples, glycosidic bond, hydrolysis. Polysaccharides – examples, glycosidic bonds, hydrolysis, aminomonosaccharides in polysaccharides. Glycolysis – basic concept.13.2 Chemical properties of monosaccharides5 мин · 15 флашкарти
19. Classification of lipids. Triacylglycerols (fats and oils). Chemical aspects of biological oxidation of fats and oils. Glycerophospholipids-biological significance, biological membranes.16.1. Lipids10 мин · 21 флашкарти
20. Classification of lipids. Sphingolipids, terpenes and steroids. Examples of biologically signi-ficant compounds: β -carotene, retinol (vitamin A). Retinal – visual perception in humans, vitamins K and E. Cholesterol and D group vitamins, corticosteroids and sex hormones.16.2 Isoprene and isoprenoid lipids. · 16.3 Isoprenoid lipids8 мин · 39 флашкарти
21. Heterocyclic compounds-classification. Five-membered heterocyclic compounds with one hetero atom– furan, thiophene, and pyrrole – structures. Biologically active substances containing pyrrole ring-hemoglobin, cytochrome c, vitamin B12, proline, medicines.14.1 Heterocyclic compounds with one heteroatom7 мин · 15 флашкарти
22. Five-membered heterocyclic compounds with two hetero atoms – pyrazole, imidazole and thiazole – structures. Biologically active derivatives of the above mentioned compounds – amino acids, medicines, vitamins.14.3 Heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen atoms.5 мин · 23 флашкарти
23. Six-membered heterocyclic compounds with one hetero atom (pyridine, pyran, thiopyran): + structure. Biologically active substances containing pyidine ring NAD, vitamin B6, niacin, medicines, and alkaloids; vitamin E.14.2 Heterocyclic compounds with one heteroatom · High Yield6 мин · 23 флашкарти
24. Pyrimidine, piridazine, pirazine-structure. Biologically active substances with pyrimidine ring – pyrimidine bases, nucleotides, vitamins and medicines.14.3 Heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen atoms.5 мин · 23 флашкарти
25. Heterocyclic compounds with fused rings. Indole and some of its derivatives – structure and functions. Purine and its derivatives – purine bases, uric acid (tautomers), caffeine, theobromine – structure. Biological activity of purine and its derivatives. Nucleic acids – structure (nucleosides and nucleotides).Подготвя се

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