Anatomy Bones and Muscles · MU Pleven

47. Oral cavity. Hard and soft palate.

Covers the oral cavity as part of the digestive system overview, then sets out its boundaries: lips, cheeks, floor, roof and posterior continuity with the pharynx. It separates the oral vestibule from the oral cavity proper and lists the borders of each, including the superior border formed by the hard and soft palate. It ends with the vestibule's contents such as the parotid duct opening and the frenula.

Inside: 8 sections · 6 labelled pictures · 1 table · 10 flashcards · 4 min

Topic 46 of 236 in the MU Pleven syllabus for Anatomy Bones and Muscles (Medicine, Year 2). The free AceMed note covers it in 8 sections, about 585 words (4 min of reading), with 10 flashcards.

In this note

  1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  2. Components :
  3. Development : ← Develop from the Endoderm
  4. Blood supply
  5. ORAL CAVITY
  6. Boundaries :
  7. The oral cavity proper
  8. The oral vestibule :

Components :

→Primary organs :

1) Mouth :

Contains structures that start digestion: teeth (choping the food), salivary glands (secrete saliva that contain enzymes that start chemical digestion of sugar and fats), tongue (detects taste, pushes bolus towards the pharynx)

2) Pharynx

Conducts the food to the esophagus

3) Esophagus :

Muscular tube that conduct the bolus to the stomach; It has upper sphincter (opens with swallow reflex and allows the bolus to enter the esophagus) and lower sphincter (controls emptying of the esophagus content to the stomach)

4) Stomach

Function - secretion of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid + sodium chloride + pepsine) that digests proteins and converts bolus to chyme

Parts - cardia (where content of the esophagus empties into stomach), fundus (upper curved part), body (main, central region), pylorus (empties the chyme into the duodenum)

5) Spleen

Breaks down spent erythrocytes → production of bilirubin → bilirubin sent to the liver → secreted in the bile

6) Liver

Main functions: detoxication of metabolites, synthesis of proteins, production of biochemicals needed for digestion → regulation of body's metabolism and energy storage

7) Gallbladder

Stores the bile and empties it into the duodenum from where it partially eliminates via defecation

8) Pancreas

Secretes insulin when sugar levels are high, secretes glucagon when sugar levels are low, secretes pancreatic juice (trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, elastase, amilase etc.) into the duodenum where it digests the chyme

9) Small intestine

Duodenum - mixes chyme with bile, secretes bicarbonates to rise pH in order to activate pancreatic enzymes which digest the chyme

Jejunum - absorbs small nutrients that have been previously digested in duodenum

Ileum - absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts and all necessary materia that were not absorbed in jejunum

Cecum - a pouch that marks division between small and large intestines → connects the ileum with ascending colon

10) Large intestine

Ascending colon - absorbs water from content and moves in to the transverse colon by peristalsis

Transverse colon - extends from hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure; absorbs water and salts

Descending colon - extends from splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon; stores feces that will be emptied into the sigmoid colon

Sigmoid colon - contracts to increase pressure inside the colon, causing the stool to move into the rectum

→ Accessory organs : teeth / tongue / salivary glands liver , pancreas & gallbladder.

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