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  6. Физиология на човека

Медицина · 2 курс · МУ Пловдив

Физиология на човека

Целият конспект на МУ Пловдив по Физиология на човека, медицина, 2 курс: 80 теми, 77 теми с безплатна записка (9 часа четене), и 1818 флашкарти. Обновено на 10 ноември 2026 г.

теми в конспекта
80
безплатни записки
77
флашкарти
1818
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9 ч
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Конспект

Темите в реда на конспекта на МУ Пловдив. Всяка тема със записка се отваря в AceMed, щом влезеш в профила си.

  1. 1. Organization of the cell. Physical structure of the cell. Functional systems of the cell. Prop-erties of the cell membrane and junctions between the cells. Intercellular signalization. Transport of substances through the cell membrane.2. Cellular membrane & Passive transport · 3. Active transport18 мин · 48 флашкарти
  2. 2. The human body. Homeostasis. General principles of the homeostatic regulation – regula-tory systems and elements of the homeostatic regulatory system. Levels of physiological regulation.1. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation.7 мин · 15 флашкарти
  3. 3. Physiology of the excitatory tissues. Irritability and Excitability. General and specific prop-erties of the excitable cells. Membrane potential – ionic basis of the membrane potentials.5. Transmembrane potential and resting membrane potential · 7. Excitability and excitation and Nerve fibers17 мин · 31 флашкарти
  4. 4. Measurement of excitability. Changes in the excitability during excitation. Inhibition. Con-duction of the excitation.6. Local response · 7. Excitability and excitation and Nerve fibers14 мин · 27 флашкарти
  5. 5. Transmission of the excitation (inhibition) from an excitable cell to another. Synapses -types of synapses. Chemical synapses. Transmitters and modulators. Postsynaptic potentials. Summation of the postsynaptic potentials.8. Physiology of synapse · 10. Neurotransmitters11 мин · 27 флашкарти
  6. 6. Functions of the nervous system – functional morphology of the nervous system. Physiology of the nerve cell. Glial cells. Neuronal circuits and processing of information form group of nerve cells – convergence, divergence, reverberating circuits, inhibition.79. General overview of the functions of the nervous system. Physiology of the neuron: amplitude and frequency encoding of information, axonal transport. Glia7 мин · 21 флашкарти
  7. 7. Reflex regulation of the physiological functions. Type of reflexes according to the mecha-nism of formation and the characteristics of the involved reflex arc.80. Reflex activity of the nervous system. Organization of neurons in neural networks. Inhibition in the central nervous system7 мин · 20 флашкарти
  8. 8. Nerve centers. Types and properties. Cerebral blood flow. Cerebrospinal fluid.Подготвя се
  9. 9. The autonomic nervous system. General organization of the autonomic nervous system. Au-tonomic nerve centers, ganglia, transmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system.99. Autonomic nervous system. Functional organization of the autonomic nervous system. Characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. Neurotransmitters and receptors4 мин · 26 флашкарти
  10. 10. Effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on specific organs. Autonomic re-flexes.100. Autonomic control of the visceral organs. Autonomic reflexes.3 мин · 17 флашкарти
  11. 11. Role of the hypothalamus, reticular formation, cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in the control of the autonomic functions. Integration of the central nervous system in the adaptation processes of the body – “alarm” or “stress” response of the sympathetic nervous system.101. Integration of the autonomic functions. Hypothalamus. Limbic system. Physiological bases of emotions and motivation.5 мин · 22 флашкарти
  12. 12. General principles of the humoral control of the physiologic functions. Telecrinia and para-crinia. Classification, synthesis and mechanism of action of the hormones. Control on the hormone secretion.68. General principles of endocrine regulation. Chemical classes of hormones and hormonal mechanism of action. Regulation of hormonal secretion.7 мин · 21 флашкарти
  13. 13. Hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system. Neurosecretion. Hormones of the neurohypophy-sis. Physiologic effects and control of secretion.69. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Hormones of the posterior pituitary3 мин · 20 флашкарти
  14. 14. Hypothalamo-adenohypophysial system. Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Physiologic effects and control of secretion.70. Adenohypophyseal hormones: physiological effects and control of their secretion4 мин · 16 флашкарти
  15. 15. Functional morphology of the thyroid gland. Iodine containing thyroid hormones. Physio-logic effects and control of secretion. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.71. Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action, physiological effects and control of their secretion.4 мин · 15 флашкарти
  16. 16. Functional morphology of adrenal glands. Hormones of the adrenal medulla. Physiologic effects and control of secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepineph-rine).73. Adrenal medulla: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion.3 мин · 20 флашкарти
  17. 17. Hormones of adrenal cortex – glucocorticoids. Physiologic effects and control of secretion. Pharmacologic effects of glucocorticoids.72. Adrenal cortex: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion5 мин · 15 флашкарти
  18. 18. Hormones of adrenal cortex – mineralcorticoids and adrenal androgens. Abnormalities of adrenocortical secretion.72. Adrenal cortex: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion5 мин · 15 флашкарти
  19. 19. Endocrine functions of the pancreas – type of hormones, physiologic effects and control of secretion. Diseases of the endocrine pancreas.74. Hormones of the endocrine pancreas: physiological effects and control of their secretion7 мин · 20 флашкарти
  20. 20. Calcium-phosphate homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D - physiologic effects and control of secretion. Impairment of the calcium and phosphate homeostasis.75. Control of calcium-phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D3.7 мин · 20 флашкарти
  21. 21. Physiology of reproduction. Male reproductive system. Spermatogenesis. Male sex hor-mones (androgens) – types, physiologic effects and control of secretion. Erection and ejacu-lation.76.Male reproductive system. Endocrine function of the testes and its control. Spermatogenesis.5 мин · 17 флашкарти
  22. 22. Physiology of reproduction. Female reproductive system. Ovogenesis. Female sex hormones (estradiol and progesterone) – types, physiologic effects and control of secretion. Regulation of the female monthly rhythm. Pregnancy and lactation. Tests for early pregnancy.77. Female reproductive system. Endocrine and reproductive functions of the ovaries. Regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycle6 мин · 25 флашкарти
  23. 23. Epiphysis, thymus and non-endocrine organs with endocrine functions. Tissue hormones – types, physiologic effects and control of secretion.Подготвя се
  24. 24. Physiology of skeletal muscles – functional morphology, mechanism and energetic of mus-cle contraction. Types of muscle contractions. Types of muscle fibers. Muscle work and muscle fatigue. Electromyography.11. Skeletal muscle. Mechanism of muscle contraction. · 12. Types of muscle contraction14 мин · 45 флашкарти
  25. 25. Functional morphology of smooth muscles. Excitation, electrophysiologic characteristics and mechanism of contraction of smooth muscles.13. Smooth muscle5 мин · 16 флашкарти
  26. 26. Physiology of the blood. Functions of the blood. Composition and volume of the circulating blood – regulation of the volume. Blood plasma – composition and its regulation. Hemato-crit. Blood reservoirs.14. Blood: functions and properties5 мин · 18 флашкарти
  27. 27. Erythrocytes. Count and functions. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Hemoglobin. Erythro-cyte indices. Iron metabolism. Hemolysis. Control of erythropoiesis and erythrocyte count in the bloodstream.15. Red blood cells:4 мин · 20 флашкарти
  28. 28. Blood types. Physiological and clinical significance. ABO and Rh blood type systems. Methods of analysis. Principles of blood transfusion.Подготвя се
  29. 29. Leukocytes. Count and functions of the different leukocyte types. Control of leukopoiesis and leukocyte count in the bloodstream. Immunity.16. White blood cells6 мин · 20 флашкарти
  30. 30. Hemostasis and hemocoagulation. Vascular -trombocyte and coagulation hemostasis. Fibri-nolysis and anticoagulational mechanisms. Control of hemostasis.17. Hemostasis and blood coagulation · 18. Fibrinolytic system and physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation.12 мин · 42 флашкарти
  31. 31. Physiology of lymphatic system. Formation, composition and functions of lymph. Physio-logical role of the spleen.20. Lymphatic system.4 мин · 21 флашкарти
  32. 32. Cardiovascular system. Systemic and pulmonary circulation. Heart as an organ – functional morphology of the pericardium, endocardium and myocardium. Nerve supply. Myocardial blood supply.21. General overview of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of cardiac muscle.10 мин · 22 флашкарти
  33. 33. Functional morphology and physiological characteristics of the excitatory and conductive system of the heart. Automaticity. Cardiac rhythm. Abnormalities of conductivity.22. Conduction of Excitation in Cardiac Muscle and Electrocardiography4 мин · 16 флашкарти
  34. 34. Physiological characteristics of the working myocardium. Excitation and contraction. Re-fractory periods. Extrasystoles, flutter and fibrillation. Myocardial metabolism.23. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Working Myocardium.Mechanics of cardiac contraction.4 мин · 11 флашкарти
  35. 35. Electrical events during cardiac performance. Origin, registration and evaluation of the electrocardiogram.22. Conduction of Excitation in Cardiac Muscle and Electrocardiography4 мин · 16 флашкарти
  36. 36. Dynamics of the cardiac contractions – cardiac cycle. States of the valvular apparatus during different phases of the cardiac cycle.24.The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pressure-Volume Diagram, and Cardiac Work5 мин · 14 флашкарти
  37. 37. Functions of the heart valves of the heart. Heart sounds. Methods of examination. Stenosis and insufficiency of the valves. Correlation between a synchronous phonocardiographic and electrocardiographic record.24.The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pressure-Volume Diagram, and Cardiac Work5 мин · 14 флашкарти
  38. 38. Heart rate. Stroke volume and cardiac output and their changes during different physiologi-cal conditions.25. Major determinants of myocardial function: preload, afterload, contractility. Stroke volume and cardiac output.3 мин · 11 флашкарти
  39. 39. Control of the cardiac performance – intrinsic (self-control). Energetics of the heart pump-ing.26 Regulation of Cardiac Function, Intracardial Autoregulation, and Cardiac Function Curves.6 мин · 11 флашкарти
  40. 40. Extracardial neural regulation of the cardiac performance – characteristics of the sympa-thetic and parasympathetic effects. Humoral factors affecting cardiac performance.27. Extracardial Regulation of Cardiac Performance: Neural and Humoral Regulation4 мин · 17 флашкарти
  41. 41. Functional characteristics of blood vessels. Hemodynamic principles – characteristics of the vessels and the blood. Hemodynamic indices. Volume and linear velocity of the blood flow through the various parts of vascular system and factors determining them.28. Principles of hemodynamics. Pressure-flow relationship. Vascular resistance. · 29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.11 мин · 29 флашкарти
  42. 42. Blood pressure in the various parts of the cardiovascular system. Arterial blood pressure – methods of measurements and normal values. Factors determining the blood pressure levels.29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.7 мин · 19 флашкарти
  43. 43. Arterial blood flow. Arterial pulse. Sphygmography. Characteristics of the arterial pulses. Venous blood flow. Venous pulse. Phlebography.29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure. · 30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.13 мин · 35 флашкарти
  44. 44. Physiology of the microcirculation. Functional organization of the microcirculation unit. Or-gan–related peculiarities of the capillaries. Control of the microcirculation.30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.6 мин · 16 флашкарти
  45. 45. Vascular tone. Basal tone of blood vessels. Local, neural and humoral regulatory mecha-nisms of the vascular tone.31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow.7 мин · 20 флашкарти
  46. 46. Control of the circulation. Characteristic and localization of the receptors. Vasomotor center. Supramedular control of the circulation.31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow. · 32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.13 мин · 30 флашкарти
  47. 47. Control of the arterial blood pressure. Mechanisms of the quick short-term, quick ongoing, and long-term regulation.32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.6 мин · 10 флашкарти
  48. 48. Physiology of respiration. External respiration. Functional organization of the airways, lungs and thoracic basket. Mechanics of breathing. Intrapleural and intrathoracic pressure. Role of surfactant. Defense reflexes – cough and sneeze.34. Respiration: general overview. Structure and function of the airways and alveoli. Control of bronchial tone. General Overview of Respiration. · 35. Mechanics of respiration. Pressures in the respiratory system (alveolar, pleural and transpulmonary). Elastic resistance to breathing. Surface tension; surfactant. Pressure‐volume relationship.10 мин · 38 флашкарти
  49. 49. Rate and rhythm of breathing. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. Elastic and non-elastic resistance to breathing. Air flow during breathing. Work of breathing.36. Pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacity Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. · 37. Non‐elastic resistance to breathing. Flow‐volume relationship. Work of breathing.10 мин · 37 флашкарти
  50. 50. Static lung volumes and capacities and their functional concern. Anatomic and physiologic dead space. Estimation of the external respiration.36. Pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacity Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation.5 мин · 22 флашкарти
  51. 51. Physical basis of gas exchange. Solubility, diffusion coefficient and diffusion capacity of the gases. Composition of the gases in air, lungs and blood. Diffusion of gases across the alveo-locapillary membrane. Ventilation -perfusion ratio.38. Gas diffusion. Physical basis of gas diffusion. Composition of the atmospheric, inspired, alveolar and expired air. Gas diffusion in the lungs and tissues.5 мин · 18 флашкарти
  52. 52. Transport of O2 in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves. Oxygen exchange in lungs and tissues.40. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen delivery to the tissues4 мин · 16 флашкарти
  53. 53. Transport of CO2 in the blood. Carbon dioxide exchange in lungs and tissues.41.Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Dissociation curve of carbaminehemoglobin.4 мин · 13 флашкарти
  54. 54. Control of respiration. Respiratory center and rhythm of breathing. Chemical control of res-piration. Reflex control of respiration. Effects of the cerebral cortex on the respiratory func-tions.42.Regulation of respiration. Medullary respiratory centre. Chemical con trol of respiration: central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Reflex (n on‐chemical) control of respiration.6 мин · 17 флашкарти
  55. 55. Gastrointestinal system – functions. Digestion in the Mouth: processes of mastication, secre-tion, enzyme destruction and absorption. Swallowing – phases and regulation.44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication). · 47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.8 мин · 27 флашкарти
  56. 56. Motor functions of the Stomach – hunger contractions, storage function, mixing and propul-sion of food. Emptying of the Stomach. Control of the Stomach motor activity. Vomiting.44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication).5 мин · 12 флашкарти
  57. 57. Secretion, enzyme destruction and absorption in the Stomach. Gastric juice: composition, mechanism of secretion and functions. Gastric secretion and its control: cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases. Protective potentialities of the gastric barrier.47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.3 мин · 15 флашкарти
  58. 58. Small Intestine – motor activity: type of movements and regulation; secretion, digestion and absorption.45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation. · 48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation.12 мин · 32 флашкарти
  59. 59. Colon – type of movements and their regulation; secretion, digestion and absorption. Defe-cation.45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation.7 мин · 16 флашкарти
  60. 60. Pancreatic juice – composition and functions. Control of the pancreatic secretion.48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation.5 мин · 16 флашкарти
  61. 61. Processes of formation and secretion of Bile. Composition and functions of the Bile. Regu-lation of the Bile secretion. Functions of the Liver.48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation. · 52. Functions of the liver10 мин · 31 флашкарти
  62. 62. Digestion and absorption of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Absorption of Salts, Water and Vitamins.49. Digestion in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristics. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids · 50. Absorption in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristic . Absorption of the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. General Characteristics · 51. Absorption of electrolytes, water, vitamins and bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract12 мин · 49 флашкарти
  63. 63. Metabolism of the Nutrients in the organism. Metabolism of Carbohydrates: the level and regulation of Glucose in the circulating blood. Metabolism of Proteins and its control. Me-tabolism of Lipids and its control.54. Protein and lipid metabolism. Regulation · 53. Metabolism: general characteristics. Carbohydrate metabolism. Regulation of blood glucose level.7 мин · 30 флашкарти
  64. 64. Energy metabolism in the organism. Energy values of the Nutrients. The Energy Equivalent of Oxygen. The measurement of the Metabolic Rate: Direct and Indirect Calorimetry. The Basal Metabolic Rate and the Daily Energy Requirements for different physiologic states.55. Energy metabolism and energy balance. Basal metabolic rate. Control of body mass.6 мин · 15 флашкарти
  65. 65. Feeding: main principles in defining the physiologic standards– plastic and energy needs of the organism. Physiologic mechanisms of Starvation and Satiety.56. General principles of nutrition. Essential nutrients3 мин · 13 флашкарти
  66. 66. Temperature regulation. Body temperature and isothermia. Mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Neurophysiologic bases of temperature regulation. Hyperthermia and hypo-thermia. Acclimatization. Regulation of body temperature within exsercise.58 and 59 -Body temperature and thermal balance in the body. Mechanisms of thermoregulation, Thermoregulation in warm and cold environment and during acclimatization. Fever5 мин · 14 флашкарти
  67. 67. Excretion functions of the organism and systems, accomplishing them. The Kidneys – func-tional structure. Peculiarities of the kidneys blood supply and innervation. Mechanism and control of glomerular filtration. Methods of glomerular function assesment.60. Renal functions. Functional morphology and blood supply to the kidneys. Major processes of urine formation. Glomerular filtration.5 мин · 18 флашкарти
  68. 68. Functions of renal tubules. Transport processes within the different parts of the tubules. Mechanisms for excretion of a dilute urine and a concentrated urine. Renal excretion.61. Tubular transport mechanisms. Transport in the various elements of the tubular system of the nephron. Renal clearance · 62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics13 мин · 32 флашкарти
  69. 69. Renal clearance tests. Volume of the urine and its components. Micturition. Endocrine and metabolic functions of the kidneys. Control of the renal functions.62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics · 63. Regulation of renal functions. Intrinsic renal control mechanisms. Hormonal and neural regulation of renal functions. Renal control of arterial pressure11 мин · 31 флашкарти
  70. 70. Water-electrolyte balance of the organism. Body fluids and electrolytes. Dynamics of body fluids volume and osmolality. Control of Water-Salts homeostasis. Thirst – physiologic mechanisms.65. Volume and composition of body fluids. Water and electrolyte balance in the body. · 66. Body fluid volume and osmolality dynamics. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance9 мин · 32 флашкарти
  71. 71. Acid-Base Balance of the organism. Buffer systems of the body fluids. Respiratory regula-tion of pH. Renal regulation of pH. Abnormalities in Acid-Base Balance.67. Regulation of acid-base balance. Buffer systems. Respiratory and renal control of pH.7 мин · 21 флашкарти
  72. 72. Sensory systems. Functional morphology. General principles of sensory systems infor-mation coding and processing. Sensory systems adaptation.81. Functional organization of the sensory systems. Processing of sensory information4 мин · 18 флашкарти
  73. 73. General sensation. Somatosensory system – organization and modalities. Mechanisms of thermo- and mechanoreception. Pain sensation. Itch.82. Somatosensory system: general overview. Mechanoreceptors. Thermoreceptors. Nociceptors. · 83. Somatosensory system: afferent pathways and central processing of information · 84. Physiology of pain. Primary and secondary pain. Visceral pain. Antinociceptive system.18 мин · 37 флашкарти
  74. 74. Vision sensory system. Functional morphology of the eye – the optics of the eye; the mecha-nism of accommodation; errors of refraction. The pupillary reflex. Eyes movements and their control. Protective appliances of the eyes.87. Visual sensory system. Functional morphology of the eye. Image formation. Accommodation. Refraction abnormalities5 мин · 8 флашкарти
  75. 75. Detection, transmission and processing of the information in the retina. Central neurophysi-ology of vision. Light and dark adaptation. Visual acuity. Color vision.88. Visual receptors. Light transduction mechanisms. Organization of the retinal neural network. · 89. Central processing of visual information. Light adaptation. Visual acuity12 мин · 39 флашкарти
  76. 76. The sense of hearing. Functional morphology of the external, middle and inner ear. Pro-cessing of the sound signal. Central auditory mechanisms. Vestibular apparatus. Central mechanisms of the maintenance of equilibrium. Vestibular reflexes.85. Auditory system. Functional morphology of the ear. Sound transmission in the middle and inner ear. Organ of Corti · 86. Auditory system. Sound transduction. Central processing of the auditory information. Encoding of sound frequency, loudness and localization11 мин · 17 флашкарти
  77. 77. Physiology of the chemical senses - taste and smell. Peripheral and central mechanisms of taste and smell sensations.91. Olfactory sensory system · 92. Gustatory sensory system.11 мин · 54 флашкарти
  78. 78. General characteristics of motor control. Muscle receptors – functions of the muscle spin-dles and tendon receptors. Spinal cord control of motor activity. The spinal cord reflexes. Motor control from higher levels of the brain.93. Control of movement. Spinal control of movement4 мин · 33 флашкарти
  79. 79. States of brain activity and sleep. The role of the different neuronal structures in the mainte-nance of the brain activity. Physiologic changes within sleep. Electroencephalography.97. Bioelectrical brain activity. Origin and characteristics of the electroencephalogram. Reticular activating system: descending and ascending effects · 98. Physiology of sleep. Control of the sleep-wake cycle. Biological rhythms.13 мин · 65 флашкарти
  80. 80. Higher nerve activity – types and characteristics. Learning and memory: types and physio-logic bases. Primary and secondary signalling systems. Communicative capabilities of man. Reading and writing speech. Auditory and visual gnosia.102. Higher functions of the nervous system. Association areas of cortex. Lateralization of cerebral functions: human speech. · 103. Neurophysiological basis of learning and memory8 мин · 51 флашкарти

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