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Dental Medicine · Year 2 · MU Plovdiv

Human Physiology

The full MU Plovdiv syllabus for Human Physiology, Dental Medicine, Year 2: 69 topics, 68 topics with a free study note (8 hours of reading), and 1,637 flashcards. Updated 10 November 2026.

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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Plovdiv syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

  1. 1. Cell physiology. Structural and functional organization of the cell. Cell membrane – specific characteristics. Junctions between the cells and intercellular signalization. Transport of substances through the cell membrane.2. Cellular membrane & Passive transport · 3. Active transport18 min · 48 cards
  2. 2. The human body. Homeostasis. General principles of the homeostatic regulation – regulatory systems and elements of the homeostatic regulatory system. Levels of physiological regulation.1. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation.7 min · 15 cards
  3. 3. Physiology of the excitable cells. Irritability and Excitability. General and specific properties of the excitable cells. Membrane potential – ionic basis of the membrane potentials. Measurement of excitability. Changes in the excitability during excitation. Inhibition. Conduction of the excitation.5. Transmembrane potential and resting membrane potential · 7. Excitability and excitation and Nerve fibers17 min · 31 cards
  4. 4. Transmission of the excitation (inhibition) from one excitable cell to another. Synapses -types of synapses. Chemical synapses. Neurotransmitters and modulators. Postsynaptic potentials. Summation of the postsynaptic potentials.8. Physiology of synapse · 10. Neurotransmitters11 min · 27 cards
  5. 5. Functions of the nervous system – functional morphology of the nervous system. Physiology of the nerve cell. Neuroglial cells. Neuronal circuits and processing of informa-tion from groups of nerve cells – convergence, divergence, reverberating circuits, inhibition.79. General overview of the functions of the nervous system. Physiology of the neuron: amplitude and frequency encoding of information, axonal transport. Glia7 min · 21 cards
  6. 6. Reflex regulation of the physiological functions. Type of reflexes according to the mechanism of formation and the characteristics of the reflex arc. Nerve centers -types and properties. Cerebral blood flow. Cerebrospinal fluid.80. Reflex activity of the nervous system. Organization of neurons in neural networks. Inhibition in the central nervous system7 min · 20 cards
  7. 7. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) – general organization. Autonomic nerve centers, ganglia, neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system; effects on different organs and systems. Autonomic reflexes.99. Autonomic nervous system. Functional organization of the autonomic nervous system. Characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. Neurotransmitters and receptors4 min · 26 cards
  8. 8. Role of the hypothalamus, reticular formation, cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in the control of autonomic functions. Integration of the central nervous system in the adaptation processes of the body – “alarm” or “stress” response of the sympathetic branch of the ANS.101. Integration of the autonomic functions. Hypothalamus. Limbic system. Physiological bases of emotions and motivation.5 min · 22 cards
  9. 9. General principles of humoral control of the physiological functions. Telecrine and paracrine functions. Classification, synthesis and mechanism of action of the hormones. Control of the hormonal secretion.68. General principles of endocrine regulation. Chemical classes of hormones and hormonal mechanism of action. Regulation of hormonal secretion.7 min · 21 cards
  10. 10. Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Neurosecretion. Hormones of the neurohypophysis. Physiological effects and control of secretion.69. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Hormones of the posterior pituitary3 min · 20 cards
  11. 11. Hypothalamo-adenohypophysial system. Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Physiological effects and control of secretion.70. Adenohypophyseal hormones: physiological effects and control of their secretion4 min · 16 cards
  12. 12. Functional morphology of the thyroid gland. Iodine containing thyroid hormones. Physiological effects and control of secretion. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.71. Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action, physiological effects and control of their secretion.4 min · 15 cards
  13. 13. Functional morphology of adrenal glands. Hormones of the adrenal medulla. Physiological effects and control of secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).73. Adrenal medulla: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion.3 min · 20 cards
  14. 14. Hormones of adrenal cortex – glucocorticoids. Physiological effects and control of secretion. Pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. Mineralcorticoids and adrenal sex hormones – physiological effects and control secretion. Abnormalities of adrenocortical secretion.72. Adrenal cortex: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion5 min · 15 cards
  15. 15. Endocrine functions of the pancreas – type of hormones, physiological effects and control of secretion. Disorders of endocrine pancreas secretion.74. Hormones of the endocrine pancreas: physiological effects and control of their secretion7 min · 20 cards
  16. 16. Calcium-phosphate homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D -physiological effects and control of secretion. Impairment of the calcium and phosphate homeostasis.75. Control of calcium-phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D3.7 min · 20 cards
  17. 17. Physiology of reproduction. Male reproductive system. Spermatogenesis. Hormonal activity of the testes. Androgens – types, physiological effects and control of secretion. Erection and ejaculation.76.Male reproductive system. Endocrine function of the testes and its control. Spermatogenesis.5 min · 17 cards
  18. 18. Physiology of reproduction. Female reproductive system. Ovogenesis. Hormonal activity of the ovaries. Estrogenes and progesterone – types, physiological effects and control of secretion. Female monthly cycle. Pregnancy, delivery and lactation. Tests for early pregnancy.77. Female reproductive system. Endocrine and reproductive functions of the ovaries. Regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycle6 min · 25 cards
  19. 19. Physiology of skeletal muscles – functional morphology, mechanism and energetics of muscle contraction. Types of muscle contractions. Types of muscle fibers. Muscle work and muscle fatigue. Electromyography.11. Skeletal muscle. Mechanism of muscle contraction. · 12. Types of muscle contraction14 min · 45 cards
  20. 20. Functional morphology of smooth muscles. Excitation, electrophysiological characteristics and mechanism of contraction of the smooth muscles.13. Smooth muscle5 min · 16 cards
  21. 21. Physiology of the blood – functions. Composition and volume of the circulating blood – regulation of the volume. Blood plasma – composition and regulation. Hematocrit. Blood reservoirs.14. Blood: functions and properties5 min · 18 cards
  22. 22. Erythrocytes (RBC) – number and functions. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Hemoglobin. Erythrocyte indices. Iron metabolism. Hemolysis. Control of erythropoiesis and erythrocyte count.15. Red blood cells:4 min · 20 cards
  23. 23. Blood types. Physiological and clinical significance. The ABO and Rh blood type systems. Methods of analysis. Principles of blood transfusion.Being written
  24. 24. Leukocytes (WBC). Number and functions of the different leukocyte types. Control of leukopoiesis and leukocyte count. Immunity.16. White blood cells6 min · 20 cards
  25. 25. Hemostasis and hemocoagulation. Vascular, thrombocyte and coagulation hemostasis. Fibrinolysis and anticoagulational mechanisms. Control of hemostasis.17. Hemostasis and blood coagulation · 18. Fibrinolytic system and physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation.12 min · 42 cards
  26. 26. Physiology of the lymphatic system. Formation, composition and functions of lymph. Physiological role of the spleen.20. Lymphatic system.4 min · 21 cards
  27. 27. Cardiovascular system. Systemic and pulmonary circulation. The heart as an organ – functional morphology of the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium. Nerve supply. Myocardial blood supply.21. General overview of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of cardiac muscle.10 min · 22 cards
  28. 28. Physiological characteristics of the working myocardium. Excitation and contraction. Refractory periods. Extrasystoles, flutter and fibrillation. Myocardial metabolism. Functional morphology and physiological characteristics of the conduction system of the heart. Automaticity. Cardiac rhythm. Abnormalities of conductivity.23. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Working Myocardium.Mechanics of cardiac contraction.4 min · 11 cards
  29. 29. Electrical events during cardiac performance. Origin, registration and evaluation of the electrocardiogram (ECG).22. Conduction of Excitation in Cardiac Muscle and Electrocardiography4 min · 16 cards
  30. 30. Dynamics of the cardiac contractions – cardiac cycle. Role of the valves during the cardiac cycle; functions of the valves. Heart sounds. Methods of examination. Stenosis and insufficiency. Correlation between a synchronous phonocardiographic and electrocardio-graphic record.24.The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pressure-Volume Diagram, and Cardiac Work5 min · 14 cards
  31. 31. Heart rate. Stroke volume and cardiac output and their changes during different physiological conditions.25. Major determinants of myocardial function: preload, afterload, contractility. Stroke volume and cardiac output.3 min · 11 cards
  32. 32. Control of the cardiac performance. Intrinsic (self-control) regulation. Energetics of the heart. Extracardial neural regulation of the cardiac performance – characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects. Humoral factors affecting cardiac performance.27. Extracardial Regulation of Cardiac Performance: Neural and Humoral Regulation · 26 Regulation of Cardiac Function, Intracardial Autoregulation, and Cardiac Function Curves.10 min · 28 cards
  33. 33. Functional characteristics of the blood vessels. Hemodynamic principles – characteristics of the vessels and the blood. Hemodynamic indices. Volume and linear velocity of the blood flow through the different parts of vascular system and determining factors.28. Principles of hemodynamics. Pressure-flow relationship. Vascular resistance. · 29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.11 min · 29 cards
  34. 34. Blood pressure in different parts of the cardiovascular system. Arterial blood pressure – methods of measurements and referent values. Factors, determining blood pressure levels.29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.7 min · 19 cards
  35. 35. Arterial blood flow. Arterial pulse. Sphygmography. Characteristics of the arterial pulse. Venous blood flow. Venous pulse. Phlebography.29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure. · 30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.13 min · 35 cards
  36. 36. Physiology of microcirculation. Functional organization of the microcirculatory unit. Organ–related peculiarities of the capillaries. Control of microcirculation.30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.6 min · 16 cards
  37. 37. Vascular tone. Basal vascular tone. Local, neural and humoral regulatory mechanisms of the vascular tone.31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow.7 min · 20 cards
  38. 38. Control of circulation. Characteristics and localization of the receptors. Vasomotor center. Supramedular control of the circulation.31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow. · 32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.13 min · 30 cards
  39. 39. Control of the arterial blood pressure. Mechanisms of the quick short-term, quick ongoing, and long-term regulation.32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.6 min · 10 cards
  40. 40. Physiology of respiration. External respiration. Functional organization of the air passages, lungs and thoracic cavity. Mechanics of respiration. Intrapleural and intrathoracic pressure. Role of the surfactant. Defensive reflexes – cough and sneeze.34. Respiration: general overview. Structure and function of the airways and alveoli. Control of bronchial tone. General Overview of Respiration. · 35. Mechanics of respiration. Pressures in the respiratory system (alveolar, pleural and transpulmonary). Elastic resistance to breathing. Surface tension; surfactant. Pressure‐volume relationship.10 min · 38 cards
  41. 41. Rate and rhythm of breathing. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. Elastic and non-elastic resistance to breathing. Air flow during breathing. Work of breathing. Static lung volumes and capacities and their functional value. Anatomical and physiological dead space. Estimation of the external respiration.36. Pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacity Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. · 37. Non‐elastic resistance to breathing. Flow‐volume relationship. Work of breathing.10 min · 37 cards
  42. 42. Physical basis of gas exchange. Solubility, diffusion coefficient and diffusion capacity of the gases. Composition of the gases in air, lungs and blood. Diffusion of gases across the alveolo-capillary barrier. Ventilation-perfusion ratio.38. Gas diffusion. Physical basis of gas diffusion. Composition of the atmospheric, inspired, alveolar and expired air. Gas diffusion in the lungs and tissues.5 min · 18 cards
  43. 43. Transport of O2 in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves. Oxygen exchange in the lungs and tissues. Transport of CO2 in the blood. Carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs and tissues.40. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen delivery to the tissues · 41.Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Dissociation curve of carbaminehemoglobin.8 min · 29 cards
  44. 44. Control of respiration. Respiratory center and rhythm of breathing. Chemical control of respiration. Reflex control of respiration. Effects of the cerebral cortex on the respiratory functions.42.Regulation of respiration. Medullary respiratory centre. Chemical con trol of respiration: central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Reflex (n on‐chemical) control of respiration.6 min · 17 cards
  45. 45. The gastrointestinal system – functions. Digestion in the mouth. Biomechanics of mastication: basic cycles of mastication, phases of mastication within the mastication cycle. Control of mastication. Swallowing – phases and regulation.44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication).5 min · 12 cards
  46. 46. Secretion, enzyme breadown and reabsorption in the mouth. Control of the secretion. Swallowing – phases and control.44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication). · 47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.8 min · 27 cards
  47. 47. Motor functions of the stomach – hunger contractions, storage function, mixing and propulsion of food. Emptying of the stomach; control of its motor activity. Vomiting.44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication).5 min · 12 cards
  48. 48. Secretion, enzyme breakdown and absorption in the stomach. Gastric juice – composition, secretion and functions. Gastric secretion and its control – cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases. Protective effect of the gastric barrier.47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.3 min · 15 cards
  49. 49. Small intestine – motor activity: types of movement and regulation. Secretion, digestion and absorption in the small intestine.45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation. · 48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation.12 min · 32 cards
  50. 50. Colon – types of movement and their regulation; secretion, digestion and absorption in the colon. Defecation.45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation.7 min · 16 cards
  51. 51. Pancreatic juice – composition and functions. Control of the pancreatic secretion. Formation and secretion of bile; composition and functions. Regulation of the bile secretion. Functions of the liver.48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation. · 52. Functions of the liver10 min · 31 cards
  52. 52. Digestion and absorption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of salts, water and vitamins.49. Digestion in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristics. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids · 50. Absorption in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristic . Absorption of the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. General Characteristics · 51. Absorption of electrolytes, water, vitamins and bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract12 min · 49 cards
  53. 53. Nutrient metabolism – carbohydrates; levels and regulation of blood glucose. Protein metabolism and its control. Lipid metabolism and its control.54. Protein and lipid metabolism. Regulation · 53. Metabolism: general characteristics. Carbohydrate metabolism. Regulation of blood glucose level.7 min · 30 cards
  54. 54. Energy metabolism. Energy values of the nutrients. The Energy equivalent of oxygen. Measurement of the metabolic rate: direct and indirect calorimetry. Basal metabolic rate and daily energy needs in different physiological conditions.55. Energy metabolism and energy balance. Basal metabolic rate. Control of body mass.6 min · 15 cards
  55. 55. Nutrition – general principles in defining physiological standards– plastic and energy needs of the body. Physiology of starvation and satiety.56. General principles of nutrition. Essential nutrients3 min · 13 cards
  56. 56. Temperature regulation. Body temperature and isothermia. Mechanisms of heat production and loss. Neurophysiology of temperature regulation. Hyperthermia and hypothermia. Acclimatization. Regulation of body temperature during exercise.58 and 59 -Body temperature and thermal balance in the body. Mechanisms of thermoregulation, Thermoregulation in warm and cold environment and during acclimatization. Fever5 min · 14 cards
  57. 57. Excretion functions of the body and systems, accomplishing them. The kidneys – functional structure, blood supply and innervation. Mechanism and control of glomerular filtration. Methods of glomerular functional assessment.60. Renal functions. Functional morphology and blood supply to the kidneys. Major processes of urine formation. Glomerular filtration.5 min · 18 cards
  58. 58. Functions of the renal tubules. Transport in the different parts of the tubules. Excretion of diluted or concentrated urine. Renal excretion.61. Tubular transport mechanisms. Transport in the various elements of the tubular system of the nephron. Renal clearance · 62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics13 min · 32 cards
  59. 59. Renal clearance tests. Volume of the urine and its components. Micturition. Endocrine and metabolic functions of the kidneys. Control of the renal functions.62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics · 63. Regulation of renal functions. Intrinsic renal control mechanisms. Hormonal and neural regulation of renal functions. Renal control of arterial pressure11 min · 31 cards
  60. 60. The water and electrolyte balance of the body. Body fluids and electrolytes. Dynamics of body fluids volume and osmolality. Control of water-salts homeostasis. Physiology of thirst.65. Volume and composition of body fluids. Water and electrolyte balance in the body. · 66. Body fluid volume and osmolality dynamics. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance9 min · 32 cards
  61. 61. The acid-base balance. Buffer systems of the body fluids. Respiratory regulation of the pH. Renal regulation of the pH. Abnormalities of the acid-base balance.67. Regulation of acid-base balance. Buffer systems. Respiratory and renal control of pH.7 min · 21 cards
  62. 62. The sensory systems. Functional morphology. General principles of sensory systems information coding and processing. Sensory adaptation. General sensation. The somatosen-sory system – organization and modalities. Mechanisms of thermo- and mechanoreception.81. Functional organization of the sensory systems. Processing of sensory information4 min · 18 cards
  63. 63. Pain sensation. Itch – peripheral and central mechanisms. Tooth pain.84. Physiology of pain. Primary and secondary pain. Visceral pain. Antinociceptive system.6 min · 10 cards
  64. 64. Vision. Functional morphology of the eye – the optics of the eye; mechanism of accommodation; errors of refraction. The pupillary reflex. Eye movements and their control. Protective structures of the eye. Detection, transmission and processing of information in the retina. Central neurophysiology of vision. Light and dark adaptation. Visual acuity. Colour vision.87. Visual sensory system. Functional morphology of the eye. Image formation. Accommodation. Refraction abnormalities5 min · 8 cards
  65. 65. The sense of hearing. Functional morphology of the external, middle and inner ear. Processing of the sound signals. Central auditory mechanisms. The vestibular apparatus. Central mechanisms for maintaining equilibrium. Vestibular reflexes.85. Auditory system. Functional morphology of the ear. Sound transmission in the middle and inner ear. Organ of Corti · 86. Auditory system. Sound transduction. Central processing of the auditory information. Encoding of sound frequency, loudness and localization11 min · 17 cards
  66. 66. Physiology of the chemical senses – taste and smell. Peripheral and central mechanisms of taste and smell.91. Olfactory sensory system · 92. Gustatory sensory system.11 min · 54 cards
  67. 67. General characteristics of motor control. Muscle receptors – functions of the muscle spindles and tendon receptors. Spinal cord control of motor activity. The spinal cord reflexes. Motor control at higher levels of the brain.93. Control of movement. Spinal control of movement4 min · 33 cards
  68. 68. States of brain activity and sleep. The role of the different neuronal structures in the maintenance of brain activity. Physiological changes during sleep. Electroencephalography (EEG).97. Bioelectrical brain activity. Origin and characteristics of the electroencephalogram. Reticular activating system: descending and ascending effects · 98. Physiology of sleep. Control of the sleep-wake cycle. Biological rhythms.13 min · 65 cards
  69. 69. Higher nervous activity – types and characteristics. Learning and memory: types and physiology. Primary and secondary signalling systems. Human communication – reading, writing and speech. Auditory and visual gnosis.102. Higher functions of the nervous system. Association areas of cortex. Lateralization of cerebral functions: human speech. · 103. Neurophysiological basis of learning and memory8 min · 51 cards

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