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Medicine · Years 2 and 3 · MU Plovdiv

Microbiology

The full MU Plovdiv syllabus for Microbiology, Medicine, Years 2 and 3: 50 topics, 49 topics with a free study note (5 hours of reading), and 1,164 flashcards. Updated 10 November 2026.

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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Plovdiv syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

General microbiology 9 topics

  1. 1. Subject and tasks of microbiology. The role of Pasteur and Koch for development of medical microbiology. Taxonomy of microorganisms – nomenclature and classification. General characteristics of different groups of microorganisms.1.Introduction to Medical Microbiology - History and Subject · 2. Bacterial Taxonomy: Classification, Nomenclature and Identification7 min · 29 cards
  2. 2. Morphology of bacteria – shape, size, arrangement. Methods for styding bacterial morphology. Bacterial structure – essential and nonessential components: cell envelope, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic inclusions, capsules, flagella, fimbriae, spores.3. Bacterial Morphology · 5-Bacterial Ultrastructure - Cell Wall, Structure and Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Wall. · 6. Bacterial Ultrastructure - Cytoplasmic Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, etc · 7. Bacterial,Ultrastructure- Bacterial Spores17 min · 60 cards
  3. 3. Bacterial genetics. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria. Genetic apparatus in bacteria. Bacterial chromosome as a genetic system. Extrachromosomal genetic elements. Bacteriophages – main types, structure, interactions with the microbial cell – lytic cycle, moderate phage, prophage, phage conversion. Phage typing. Mutations. Mutagenic factors – chemical and physical, mechanism of action, practical use. Genetic transfer – transformation, conjugation, transduction – mechanisms. The importance of bacterial and phage genetics. Genetic engineering. Contemporary genetic methods in clinical microbiology. DNA probes. PCR – polymerase chain reaction.13. Bacterial genetics. Carriers of genetic information: Bacterial chromosomes- Structure, replication and function: · 14. Bacterial genetics. Carriers of genetic information. Plasmids and transposable elements- Structure and function · 15. Bacterial Changeability: Mutations · 16. Bacterial changeability. Recombination and Mechanism of DNA transfer between bacterial cells.16 min · 56 cards
  4. 4. Bacterial physiology. Chemical composition of bacterial cell. Bacterial enzymes. Bacterial metabolism – catabolic and anabolic processes. Bacterial respiration. Bacterial nutrition. Transport of nutrients.9. Bacterial Physiology = Chemical Composition, Bacterial Metabolism, Bacterial Productivity.5 min · 12 cards
  5. 5. Bacterial growth and reproduction. Growth phases and growth curves. Bacterial culture – basic principles, culture media. Bacterial growth factors.10. Bacterial Physiology - Bacterial Growth and Cell Division, Growth Factors.7 min · 16 cards
  6. 6. Influence of physical factors on microorganisms: heat, drying, light, atmospheric pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation. Sterilization. Methods of sterilization. Influence of chemical factors on microorganism. Disinfection types of disinfectants. Mechanism of action of chemicals upon bacteria. Oligodynamics. Influence of biological factors upon microorganisms: symbiosis, antagonisms, antibiosis.12. Effect of Physical Factors on Microorganism – Sterilisation & Sterilisation Methods6 min · 13 cards
  7. 7. Antimicrobial agents. Main groups and mechanism of action. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic susceptibility tests.19.Antibacterial Agents- Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors, Mechanism of action and resistance · 18. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: General principles, Types of Antimicrobial Agents according to their Mechanism of Action, Adverse reaction · 20. Antibacterial Agents - Protein and Nucleic acids Synthesis inhibitors, mechanism of action and resistance15 min · 46 cards
  8. 8. Viruses. Nature and properties. Methods for cultivation. Classification. Rickettsia. Nature and properties. Methods for cultivation. Classification.86. Viruses – Nature and Properties · 84. Genus Rickettsia, Genus Caxiella.8 min · 31 cards
  9. 9. The surrounding environment as a factor for spreading causative agents of infectious diseases. Microbial flora in water, soil, air. Microorganisms in foodstuff, hospital services, etc. Microorganisms of sanitary importance.102. Microbes in the Environment. Sanitary-Indicative Microorganisms.3 min · 14 cards

Infection and Immunity 12 topics

  1. 10. Infection and infectious process. The role of microorganism in the infectious process. Pathogenecity. Virulence. Invasiveness. Toxigenecity. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of the infectious process. Characteristics of infectious disease. Forms of the infectious process. The role of macroorganism in the infectious process. The role of environment for development and course of the infectious process. Epidemic process. Factors and mechanisms of transmission of the infectious agents in the epidemic process.22. Infection and Infectious Disease. Interactions between Host and Microorganisms. Forms of Infection. · 23. Infection- Role of Microorganisms in the Infectious Process · 25.Pathogenesis of Infectious Process -Development, Infectious Dose,17 min · 44 cards
  2. 11. Innate immunity. The protective role of skin, mucous membranes, organs and normal microbial flora. Humoral factors of innate immunity – lysozyme, complement system, interferons and cytokines. Cellular factors of innate immunity. Phagocytosis. Inflammation.27. Natural Resistance. · 28 - Natural Resistance · 29: Natural Resistance - Cellular Factors12 min · 41 cards
  3. 12. Immunity. Definition. Types of immunity. The anatomy and structure of the immune system. Central and peripheral organs. Cells of the immune system.26. Immunity, Immunity as a Biological Phenomenon and Types of Immunity · 33. Immune system10 min · 27 cards
  4. 13. Antigens. Types of antigens. Antigenic characteristics of microorganisms.31. Antigens structure and properties. Antigenic structure of microorganisms.4 min · 14 cards
  5. 14. Humoral immunity. Mediators. Characteristics of antibodies (immunoglobulins). Structure and function of different immunoglobulin classes. Mechanism of action of antibodies. Local immunity.32: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)7 min · 14 cards
  6. 15. Cellular immunity. Cells and mechanism of action. Forms of cellular immunity. Cellular cooperation in the immune response.35. Cell-mediated immunity6 min · 14 cards
  7. 16. Development of the immune response. Recognition of antigens. The role of APC and MHC molecules. Dynamics of the immune response – primary and secondary immune response. Genetic control of the immune response. Humoral regulation of the immune response.34. Immune response3 min · 13 cards
  8. 17. Allergy – definition and forms. Immediate allergic reactions – anaphylaxis, atopy, clinical significance. Cytotoxic allergic reactions. Allergic phenomena due to immune complexes – serum sickness, Arthus, clinical significance. Delayed type hypersensitivity – Koch phenomenon, contact dermatitis. Clinical significance.43. Immunopathology. Allergies (hypersensitivity reactions). Mechanism of Rapid and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.4 min · 13 cards
  9. 18. Immunopathology. Immunopathological reactions and diseases. Immunological tollerance. Autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiencies – disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases of the immune system.44. Immunopathology. Autoimmune reactions and diseases. Role of hypersensitivity reactions (rapid and delayed reactions) in autoimmune diseases.4 min · 13 cards
  10. 19. Antigen-antibody reactions. Types: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization – toxin, antitoxin, ASO, virus-neutralization test. Complement fixation test. Mechanism and practical application of the reactions in microbiological diagnosis.38. Antigen-antibody reaction · 39. Antigen-antibody reaction · 40: Antigen-antibody reaction · 41. Immune Reactions Employing the Complementary System15 min · 57 cards
  11. 20. Labelled immune reactions – immunofluorescence, radioimmune and immunoenzyme tests. Hybridoma biotechnology. Monoclonal antibodies.42. Immune reactions with labeled antibodies.3 min · 15 cards
  12. 21. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines and sera. Immunomodulation.45. Immuno-prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines. Immunization schedules. · 46. Immuno-prophylaxis and immunotherapy, Immune sera and other antibody-containing preparations and Immunomodulators10 min · 27 cards

Special microbiology 29 topics

  1. 22. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases. Collection, transport and examination of specimens. Interpretation of results.Being written
  2. 23. Staphylococcus spp. Classification. Morphology, biology, biochemical and toxin production. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenecity and Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment. MRSA – clinical importance and diagnosis.47. Staphylococci (genus Staphylococcus)4 min · 14 cards
  3. 24. Streptococcus spp. Classification. Morphology, biology, antigenic structure, biochemical and toxin production. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenecity of streptococcal infections. Disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Morphology, biology, biochemical production and antigenic structure. Pathogenesis, diseases and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy.48. Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) · 49. Group B, C, D & G streptococci. Streptococcus viridians group. Genus Enterococcus · 50. Streptococcus pneumoniae12 min · 43 cards
  4. 25. Neisseria meningitidis. Morphology, biology, biochemical production, antigenic structure. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis, clinical forms of disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Morphology, biology, biochemical production. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis, clinical forms of disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy.51. Neisseria meningitidis4 min · 16 cards
  5. 26. Enterobacteriaceae. Main groups enteric bacteria. General characteristics – morphology, biology, biohemical production, antigenic structure. Pathogenic factors. Escherichia coli. Morphology, biology, biochemical production, antigens, pathogenic factors, diseases. The role of coli bacteria in human pathology. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis.53. Order Enterobacterales. Genus Escherichia. E. coli6 min · 14 cards
  6. 27. Proteus spp. Providencia spp. Morganella. General characteristics – morphology, biology, biohemical production. Diseases. Their role as causative agents of infections. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapy. Klebsiella spp. Morphology, biology, biochemical production, pathogenic factors. Diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapy. Pseudomonas spp. Morphology, biology, biochemical production. Pathogenic factors. Diseases. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapeutic problems.58. Genera Proteus, Providencia & Morganella.4 min · 12 cards
  7. 28. Salmonella spp. General chracateristics – morphology, biology, biochemical production. Antigenic composition and Kauffmann-White classification. Pathogenic factors. Diseases – typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, food poisoning. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy in salmonella infections.54. Genus Salmonella. Causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid diseases. · 55. Genus Salmonella. Causative agents of food toxicoinfections.6 min · 30 cards
  8. 29. The causative agents of dysentery (Shigella spp.). Classification. Morphology, biology, biochemical production. Antigenic composition. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Helicobacter pylori. Morphology, biology, biochemical production. Disease. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapy. Clostridium difficile. General characteristics.56. Genus Shigella.3 min · 16 cards
  9. 30. Yersinia spp. The causative agent of plague (Yersinia pestis). Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Yersinia enterocolitica. General characteristics.59. Yersinia pestis. · 60. Yersinia enterocolitica.6 min · 30 cards
  10. 31. Vibrio cholerae. Morphology, biology, biochemical production. Antigenic composition. Sero- and biotypes. Pathogenecity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy.61. Vibrio cholerae. Aeromonas hydrophila.3 min · 14 cards
  11. 32. Bordetella (Bordetella pertussis, Bordetelal parapertussis). Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis and immunity of whooping cough and other diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Haemophilus spp. Morphology, biology, antigenic structure. Pathogenic factors. Disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Listeria monocytogenes. General characteristics.63. Bordetella pertussis.2 min · 14 cards
  12. 33. Brucella. Species. Morphology, biology, biochemical production and pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis and immunity Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis. Francisella tularensis. General characteristics. Legionella pneumophila. General characteristics.64. Genus Brucella. Genus Francisella.3 min · 16 cards
  13. 34. Corynebacterium spp. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Morphology, biology, biochemical production and pathogenic factors. Pathogenecity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis of diphtheria Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Coryneforms (C. jeikeum, C. urealyticum, C. amycolatum, C. pseudodiphtheriticum). Clinical importance.68. Genus Corynebacterium. C. diphtheria, etc. corynebacteria3 min · 14 cards
  14. 35. Mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Morphology, biology. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenecity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis. Atypical mycobacteria. Mycobacterium leprae. Morphology, biology, clinical forms. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis.70. Family Mycobacteriaceae: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc. causative agents of tuberculosis4 min · 15 cards
  15. 36. Genus Bacillus. Bacillus anthracis. Morphology, biology, pathogenic factors. Pathogenecity, disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. Bacillus cereus. General characteristics and disease.73. Genus Bacillus - B. anthracis.4 min · 16 cards
  16. 37. Anaerobic spore-forming bacteria – genus Clostridium. General characteristics. Clostridium tetani. Morphology, biology and toxin production. Pathogenecity and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy. The causative agents of gas gangrene. Morphology, biology and toxin production. Pathogenecity, disease and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy. Clostridium botulinum. Morphology, biology and toxin production. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy.74. Genus Clostridium - C. tetani. · 75. Clostridia causing gas gangrene. · 76. Clostridium botulinum. Clostridioides difficile.9 min · 47 cards
  17. 38. Spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae). General characteristics. The causative agent of syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Leptospira spp. Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and immunity. Antigenic composition and serological types. Microbiological diagnosis. The causative agent of relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis). Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. The causative agent of Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). Pathogenesis, immunity, microbiological diagnosis.77. Family Spirochaetaceae. Genus Treponema - T. pallidum.3 min · 15 cards
  18. 39. Mycoplasma spp. Classification. Morphology, biology, diseases. Microbiological diagnosis. L-forms of bacteria. Chlamydia. General characteristics. The causative agent of psittacosis and trachoma. Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and disease. Microbiological diagnosis. Chlamydia as causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases. Therapy.82. Genus Mycoplasma. Ureaplasma urealyticum · 83. Genus Chlamydia6 min · 29 cards
  19. 40. Pathogenic fungi. Candida spp. Morphology, biology. Pathogenesis and clinical forms. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Therapy. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Actinomycetaceae. Morphology, biology, disease and microbiological diagnosis.85. Pathogenic fungi. Candida. Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, etc4 min · 16 cards
  20. 41. The causative agent of louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki). Morphology and biology. Pathogenesis and immunity. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis. The causative agent of Mediterranean fever (Rickettsia conorii). Morphology and biology. Microbiological diagnosis. The causative agent of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii). Morphology and biology. Microbiological diagnosis. The causative agents of human ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia). The causative agent of cat-scratching disease (Bartonella henselae). Morphology and biology. Immunity. Microbiological diagnosis.84. Genus Rickettsia, Genus Caxiella.4 min · 16 cards
  21. 42. Picornaviridae. Genus Enterovirus – the causative agent of polyomyelitis, coxackie infections and ECHO infections. Genus Rhinovirus – the causative agents of infectious rhinitis. Genus Aphtovirus – the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease.87. Family Picornaviridae – Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses3 min · 16 cards
  22. 43. Orthomyxoviridae. The causative agents of grippe.88. Family Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza Virus3 min · 14 cards
  23. 44. Paramyxoviridae. The causative agents of paragrippe, epidemic parotitis, measles. Respiratory syncytialvirus.89. Family Paramyxoviridae – Measles, Mumps, Parainfluenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses7 min · 16 cards
  24. 45. Arboviruses and rubella. Togaviridae – Genus Alphavirus and Genus Rubivirus. Flaviviridae – the causative agents of yellow fever, dengue, Sandfly fever, tick-borne encephalitis. Bunyaviridae – the causative agent of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Hantaan virus.92. Arboviruses – Causative Agents of Significant Arboviral Infections · 93. Rubella Virus & Zika Virus7 min · 28 cards
  25. 46. Poxviridae – the causative agent of smallpox. Adenoviridae. Rhabdoviridae – the causative agent of rabies. Rotaviridae.91. Family Reoviridae - Genus Rotavirus. Genus Norovirus. · 94. Family Rhabdoviridae – Rabies Virus · 96. Family Adenoviridae | Genus Papillomavirus | Genus Polyomavirus · 99. Family Poxviridae – Variola Virus (Smallpox Virus)12 min · 60 cards
  26. 47. Herpesviridae. The causative agent of herpes simplex, the causative agent of varicella and herpes zoster. Human cytomegalovirus. The causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. Other herpesviruses.97. Family Herpesviridae – Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1, HSV-2) & Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) · 98. Family Herpesviridae – Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus7 min · 30 cards
  27. 48. The causative agents of viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, HGV). Characteristics. Pathogenesis and immunity. Specific prophylaxis.100. Human Hepatitis Viruses: A, B, C, D, E, G3 min · 15 cards
  28. 49. Retroviridae – the causative agent of AIDS (HIV).95. Family Retroviridae – HIV-1 and HIV-24 min · 15 cards
  29. 50. Coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19.90. Family Coronaviridae – SARS Virus3 min · 14 cards

Microbiology at other universities

  • MU Sofia, Medicine113 notes
  • MU Sofia, Dental Medicine113 notes

Other Year 2 subjects

  • Biochemistry55 notes
  • Human Anatomy and Histology197 notes
  • Human Physiology77 notes

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