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Medicine · Year 2 · MU Sofia

Physiology

Physiology is taught in Year 2 of the Medicine degree at the Medical University of Sofia. Its syllabus runs from cells, excitable tissues and muscle through blood and immunity, cardiovascular physiology, respiration and digestion, then metabolism, nutrition and body temperature, kidneys, body fluids and acid–base balance, and endocrine and reproductive physiology. It continues with the nervous and sensory systems, motor control, autonomic and higher nervous functions, and ends with the physiology of exercise. AceMed has notes for all 104 topics, about nine hours of reading, built around 563 labelled pictures with a few tables, and most topics close with recap questions. There are also 1,898 flashcards.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Physiology, Medicine, Year 2: 104 topics, every one with a free study note (9 hours of reading), and 1,898 flashcards. Updated 30 October 2026.

syllabus topics
104
free notes
104
flashcards
1,898
of reading
9 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

Cells, excitable tissues and muscle 13 topics

  1. 1. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation.7 min · 15 cards
  2. 2. Cellular membrane & Passive transport10 min · 15 cards
  3. 3. Active transport8 min · 33 cards
  4. 4. Intercellular communication7 min · 16 cards
  5. 5. Transmembrane potential and resting membrane potential9 min · 16 cards
  6. 6. Local response6 min · 12 cards
  7. 7. Excitability and excitation and Nerve fibers8 min · 15 cards
  8. 8. Physiology of synapse7 min · 12 cards
  9. 9. Postsynaptic membrane receptors4 min · 10 cards
  10. 10. Neurotransmitters4 min · 15 cards
  11. 11. Skeletal muscle. Mechanism of muscle contraction.6 min · 25 cards
  12. 12. Types of muscle contraction8 min · 20 cards
  13. 13. Smooth muscle5 min · 16 cards

Blood and immunity 7 topics

  1. 14. Blood: functions and properties5 min · 18 cards
  2. 15. Red blood cells:4 min · 20 cards
  3. 16. White blood cells6 min · 20 cards
  4. 17. Hemostasis and blood coagulation6 min · 20 cards
  5. 18. Fibrinolytic system and physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation.6 min · 22 cards
  6. 19. Innate and acquired immunity7 min · 25 cards
  7. 20. Lymphatic system.4 min · 21 cards

Cardiovascular physiology 13 topics

  1. 21. General overview of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of cardiac muscle.10 min · 22 cards
  2. 22. Conduction of Excitation in Cardiac Muscle and Electrocardiography4 min · 16 cards
  3. 23. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Working Myocardium.Mechanics of cardiac contraction.4 min · 11 cards
  4. 24.The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pressure-Volume Diagram, and Cardiac Work5 min · 14 cards
  5. 25. Major determinants of myocardial function: preload, afterload, contractility. Stroke volume and cardiac output.3 min · 11 cards
  6. 26 Regulation of Cardiac Function, Intracardial Autoregulation, and Cardiac Function Curves.6 min · 11 cards
  7. 27. Extracardial Regulation of Cardiac Performance: Neural and Humoral Regulation4 min · 17 cards
  8. 28. Principles of hemodynamics. Pressure-flow relationship. Vascular resistance.4 min · 10 cards
  9. 29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.7 min · 19 cards
  10. 30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.6 min · 16 cards
  11. 31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow.7 min · 20 cards
  12. 32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.6 min · 10 cards
  13. 33. Pulmonary circulation. Special circulations: coronary, cerebral, splanchnic, cutaneous.7 min · 26 cards

Respiration 9 topics

  1. 34. Respiration: general overview. Structure and function of the airways and alveoli. Control of bronchial tone. General Overview of Respiration.5 min · 18 cards
  2. 35. Mechanics of respiration. Pressures in the respiratory system (alveolar, pleural and transpulmonary). Elastic resistance to breathing. Surface tension; surfactant. Pressure‐volume relationship.5 min · 20 cards
  3. 36. Pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacity Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation.5 min · 22 cards
  4. 37. Non‐elastic resistance to breathing. Flow‐volume relationship. Work of breathing.5 min · 15 cards
  5. 38. Gas diffusion. Physical basis of gas diffusion. Composition of the atmospheric, inspired, alveolar and expired air. Gas diffusion in the lungs and tissues.5 min · 18 cards
  6. 39. Ventilation‐perfusion ratio. Matching of ventilation and perfusion.5 min · 15 cards
  7. 40. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen delivery to the tissues4 min · 16 cards
  8. 41.Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Dissociation curve of carbaminehemoglobin.4 min · 13 cards
  9. 42.Regulation of respiration. Medullary respiratory centre. Chemical con trol of respiration: central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Reflex (n on‐chemical) control of respiration.6 min · 17 cards

Digestion 10 topics

  1. 43.General overview of the gastrointestinal system. Motor function of the ga strointestinal system: segmenting and peristaltic movements, migrating myo electric complex.5 min · 15 cards
  2. 44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication).5 min · 12 cards
  3. 45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation.7 min · 16 cards
  4. 46.Secretory activity of the digestive system– overview. Mechanisms of secretion of electrolytes, water, mucus and gastrointestinal hormones.6 min · 18 cards
  5. 47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.3 min · 15 cards
  6. 48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation.5 min · 16 cards
  7. 49. Digestion in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristics. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids3 min · 17 cards
  8. 50. Absorption in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristic . Absorption of the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. General Characteristics4 min · 16 cards
  9. 51. Absorption of electrolytes, water, vitamins and bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract5 min · 16 cards
  10. 52. Functions of the liver5 min · 15 cards

Metabolism, nutrition and body temperature 6 topics

  1. 53. Metabolism: general characteristics. Carbohydrate metabolism. Regulation of blood glucose level.3 min · 15 cards
  2. 54. Protein and lipid metabolism. Regulation4 min · 15 cards
  3. 55. Energy metabolism and energy balance. Basal metabolic rate. Control of body mass.6 min · 15 cards
  4. 56. General principles of nutrition. Essential nutrients3 min · 13 cards
  5. 57. Vitamins and minerals.1 min · 9 cards
  6. 58 and 59 -Body temperature and thermal balance in the body. Mechanisms of thermoregulation, Thermoregulation in warm and cold environment and during acclimatization. Fever5 min · 14 cards

Kidneys, body fluids and acid–base balance 8 topics

  1. 60. Renal functions. Functional morphology and blood supply to the kidneys. Major processes of urine formation. Glomerular filtration.5 min · 18 cards
  2. 61. Tubular transport mechanisms. Transport in the various elements of the tubular system of the nephron. Renal clearance9 min · 18 cards
  3. 62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics4 min · 14 cards
  4. 63. Regulation of renal functions. Intrinsic renal control mechanisms. Hormonal and neural regulation of renal functions. Renal control of arterial pressure7 min · 17 cards
  5. 64. Physiology of the skin8 min · 15 cards
  6. 65. Volume and composition of body fluids. Water and electrolyte balance in the body.4 min · 14 cards
  7. 66. Body fluid volume and osmolality dynamics. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance5 min · 18 cards
  8. 67. Regulation of acid-base balance. Buffer systems. Respiratory and renal control of pH.7 min · 21 cards

Endocrine and reproductive physiology 11 topics

  1. 68. General principles of endocrine regulation. Chemical classes of hormones and hormonal mechanism of action. Regulation of hormonal secretion.7 min · 21 cards
  2. 69. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Hormones of the posterior pituitary3 min · 20 cards
  3. 70. Adenohypophyseal hormones: physiological effects and control of their secretion4 min · 16 cards
  4. 71. Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action, physiological effects and control of their secretion.4 min · 15 cards
  5. 72. Adrenal cortex: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion5 min · 15 cards
  6. 73. Adrenal medulla: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion.3 min · 20 cards
  7. 74. Hormones of the endocrine pancreas: physiological effects and control of their secretion7 min · 20 cards
  8. 75. Control of calcium-phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D3.7 min · 20 cards
  9. 76.Male reproductive system. Endocrine function of the testes and its control. Spermatogenesis.5 min · 17 cards
  10. 77. Female reproductive system. Endocrine and reproductive functions of the ovaries. Regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycle6 min · 25 cards
  11. 78. Female reproductive system. Pregnancy and childbirth. Lactation5 min · 25 cards

Nervous system and sensory systems 14 topics

  1. 79. General overview of the functions of the nervous system. Physiology of the neuron: amplitude and frequency encoding of information, axonal transport. Glia7 min · 21 cards
  2. 80. Reflex activity of the nervous system. Organization of neurons in neural networks. Inhibition in the central nervous system7 min · 20 cards
  3. 81. Functional organization of the sensory systems. Processing of sensory information4 min · 18 cards
  4. 82. Somatosensory system: general overview. Mechanoreceptors. Thermoreceptors. Nociceptors.7 min · 17 cards
  5. 83. Somatosensory system: afferent pathways and central processing of information5 min · 10 cards
  6. 84. Physiology of pain. Primary and secondary pain. Visceral pain. Antinociceptive system.6 min · 10 cards
  7. 85. Auditory system. Functional morphology of the ear. Sound transmission in the middle and inner ear. Organ of Corti5 min · 10 cards
  8. 86. Auditory system. Sound transduction. Central processing of the auditory information. Encoding of sound frequency, loudness and localization6 min · 7 cards
  9. 87. Visual sensory system. Functional morphology of the eye. Image formation. Accommodation. Refraction abnormalities5 min · 8 cards
  10. 88. Visual receptors. Light transduction mechanisms. Organization of the retinal neural network.6 min · 14 cards
  11. 89. Central processing of visual information. Light adaptation. Visual acuity6 min · 25 cards
  12. 90. Color vision. Eye movements and binocular vision.5 min · 29 cards
  13. 91. Olfactory sensory system6 min · 28 cards
  14. 92. Gustatory sensory system.5 min · 26 cards

Motor control, autonomic and higher nervous functions 11 topics

  1. 93. Control of movement. Spinal control of movement4 min · 33 cards
  2. 94. Vestibular apparatus.5 min · 34 cards
  3. 95. Brain stem control of movement. Regulation of muscle tone. Regulation of posture.4 min · 28 cards
  4. 96. Motor functions of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum6 min · 27 cards
  5. 97. Bioelectrical brain activity. Origin and characteristics of the electroencephalogram. Reticular activating system: descending and ascending effects6 min · 33 cards
  6. 98. Physiology of sleep. Control of the sleep-wake cycle. Biological rhythms.7 min · 32 cards
  7. 99. Autonomic nervous system. Functional organization of the autonomic nervous system. Characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. Neurotransmitters and receptors4 min · 26 cards
  8. 100. Autonomic control of the visceral organs. Autonomic reflexes.3 min · 17 cards
  9. 101. Integration of the autonomic functions. Hypothalamus. Limbic system. Physiological bases of emotions and motivation.5 min · 22 cards
  10. 102. Higher functions of the nervous system. Association areas of cortex. Lateralization of cerebral functions: human speech.4 min · 25 cards
  11. 103. Neurophysiological basis of learning and memory4 min · 26 cards

Physiology of exercise 2 topics

  1. 104. Physiology of exercise. Cardiovascular adaptation. Body fluids and electrolytes during exercise.6 min · 21 cards
  2. 105. Respiratory adaptation to exercise. Neuroendocrine and thermoregulatory response to exercise.4 min · 22 cards

Physiology at other universities

  • MU Pleven, Medicine17 notes

Other Year 2 subjects

  • Anatomy (Bones and Muscles)49 notes
  • Anatomy (Cardiovascular system)36 notes
  • Anatomy (CNS)34 notes
  • Anatomy (Internal Organs+Glands)44 notes
  • Anatomy (PNS)44 notes
  • Anatomy (Topographic)40 notes
  • Biochemistry70 notes
  • Biophysics30 notes
  • Histology17 notes

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