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Medicine · Year 1 · MU Sofia

Biology

Biology in Year 1 of Medicine at the Medical University of Sofia begins with molecular biology, from nucleic acids and proteins through transcription, translation and DNA repair. It then moves to genetics, the cell cycle, reproduction and development, and laboratory methods and biotechnology. Immunology follows, then evolution, including the phylogeny of vertebrate organ systems. The longest chapter is parasitology, covering protozoa, worms and arthropods. The syllabus closes with a set of practice questions. AceMed's notes cover all 105 topics in about 13 hours of reading. They include 224 labelled pictures, 39 tables, mnemonics in almost every topic, recap questions in the later chapters and 1,811 flashcards.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Biology, Medicine, Year 1: 105 topics, every one with a free study note (13 hours of reading), and 1,811 flashcards. Updated 29 October 2026.

syllabus topics
105
free notes
105
flashcards
1,811
of reading
13 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

Molecular biology 18 topics

  1. 1Introduction2 min · 14 cards
  2. 1. Origin and evolution of cells.3 min · 20 cards
  3. 2. Proteins. Protein domains. Protein families.2 min · 20 cards
  4. 3. Nucleic acids. DNA. RNA7 min · 20 cards
  5. 4. Recognition and self-assembly of macromolecules. Cytoskeleton.3 min · 25 cards
  6. 5. Transcription.2 min · 25 cards
  7. 6. RNA processing.5 min · 24 cards
  8. 7. Genetic code. Translation.3 min · 20 cards
  9. 8. Proteins after translation: sorting, folding, modifications, degradation.4 min · 20 cards
  10. 9. DNA replication.4 min · 20 cards
  11. 10. RNA replication. Reverse transcription16 min · 21 cards
  12. 11. DNA repair.4 min · 10 cards
  13. 12. Prokaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression.3 min · 25 cards
  14. 13. Eukaryotic genome and regulation of gene expression.4 min · 27 cards
  15. 14. Cytoplasmic (extrachromosomal) inheritance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.4 min · 25 cards
  16. 15. General (homologous) recombination. Molecular mechanisms of crossing over.4 min · 25 cards
  17. 16. Site-specific recombination.10 min · 26 cards
  18. 17. Reproduction of viruses.8 min · 19 cards

Genetics 9 topics

  1. 18. Chromatin. Nucleosomes.8 min · 14 cards
  2. 19. Human karyotype. Types of chromosomes.9 min · 12 cards
  3. 20. Gene mutations. Mechanisms and mutagenic factors.9 min · 11 cards
  4. 21. Chromosomal mutations. Evolution of karyotype.7 min · 16 cards
  5. 22. Genes and alleles. Dominance and recessivity - mechanisms, medical examples. Penetrance and expressivity.9 min · 21 cards
  6. 23. Phenotype, genotype and allele frequencies. Hardy – Weinberg la10 min · 17 cards
  7. 24. Factors influencing allele frequencies: mutations, migrations, natural selection.8 min · 12 cards
  8. 25. Effects of isolation: genetic drift, inbreeding.3 min · 10 cards
  9. 26. Quantitative traits.5 min · 7 cards

Cell cycle, reproduction and development 13 topics

  1. 27. Cell cycle. Mitosis. Cell cycle control.5 min · 14 cards
  2. 28. Growth factors, protooncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors. Oncogenic viruses8 min · 11 cards
  3. 29. Cell senescence. Cell death: apoptosis, necrosis.8 min · 10 cards
  4. 30. Cell signaling. Cell receptors.9 min · 14 cards
  5. 31. Meiosis. Origin of germ cells.9 min · 11 cards
  6. 32. Spermatogenesis. Mammalian spermatozoa.9 min · 9 cards
  7. 33. Oogenesis. Mature mammalian ova.8 min · 10 cards
  8. 34. Fertilization. Interaction of maternal and paternal genomes.9 min · 8 cards
  9. 35. Assisted reproduction: IVF, ICSI.9 min · 6 cards
  10. 36. Embryonic development – early stages (zygote to neurula).6 min · 10 cards
  11. 37. Embryonic development – regulative and mosaic. Morphogens and embryonic induction.6 min · 8 cards
  12. 38. Preimplantation mammalian embryo.9 min · 8 cards
  13. 39. Sex determination and differentiation7 min · 9 cards

Methods and biotechnology 6 topics

  1. 40. Methods of karyotyping and chromosome analysis.7 min · 14 cards
  2. 41. Basic methods in molecular biology – electrophoresis, PCR, blotting, sequencing.7 min · 13 cards
  3. 42. Immunological methods. Diagnosis of viral infections.7 min · 12 cards
  4. 43. Recombinant DNA technology – restriction endonucleases, DNA vectors, recombinant proteins.10 min · 12 cards
  5. 44. Cell micromanipulations.7 min · 10 cards
  6. 45. Transgenic animals. Gene therapy.8 min · 9 cards

Immunology 14 topics

  1. 46. Innate immunity.7 min · 14 cards
  2. 47. Structure of antibodies.8 min · 12 cards
  3. 48. Functions of antibodies.10 min · 10 cards
  4. 49. Molecules of cell-mediated immunity.8 min · 10 cards
  5. 50. Cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes.9 min · 8 cards
  6. 51. Genetic basis of antibodies and T-cell receptors.8 min · 20 cards
  7. 52. Lymphocyte differentiation in central lymphoid organs.8 min · 26 cards
  8. 53. Lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral lymphoid organs. Immune response8 min · 25 cards
  9. 54. Immune memory.7 min · 16 cards
  10. 55. Immune tolerance. Regulatory T lymphocytes.9 min · 12 cards
  11. 56. Transplantation immunity.10 min · 20 cards
  12. 57. Antitumor immunity. Evolution of immunity.11 min · 18 cards
  13. 58. Blood group alloantigens. ABO and H blood groups.9 min · 10 cards
  14. 59. Rhesus blood groups.8 min · 10 cards

Evolution 18 topics

  1. 60. Animal evolution before vertebrates.7 min · 10 cards
  2. 61. Sequence of evolutionary innovations in vertebrate classes11 min · 10 cards
  3. 62. Phylogeny and development of the skull.8 min · 16 cards
  4. 63. Phylogeny and development of the postcranial skeleton..8 min · 15 cards
  5. 64. Phylogeny and development of the skin.9 min · 16 cards
  6. 65 Phylogeny and development of the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)9 min · 15 cards
  7. 66. Phylogeny and development of the skin sense organs, taste, and olfactory organs12 min · 16 cards
  8. 67. Phylogeny and development of the organ of balance and hearing..12 min · 15 cards
  9. 68. Phylogeny and development of organ of vision..10 min · 16 cards
  10. 69. Phylogeny and development of digestive system..10 min · 15 cards
  11. 70. Phylogeny and development of circulatory system..8 min · 16 cards
  12. 71. Phylogeny and development of respiratory system..11 min · 15 cards
  13. 72. Phylogeny and development of excretory system..9 min · 16 cards
  14. 73. Phylogeny and development of reproductive system..9 min · 16 cards
  15. 74. Mechanisms of evolution. Anagenesis..7 min · 14 cards
  16. 75. Speciation (cladogenesis). Macroevolution.,8 min · 15 cards
  17. 76. Human evolution..8 min · 15 cards
  18. 77. Molecular evolution.11 min · 10 cards

Parasitology 26 topics

  1. 78. Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellata). Genus Trypanosoma..8 min · 14 cards
  2. 79. Genus Leishmania.9 min · 18 cards
  3. 80. Genus Trichomonas. Giardia lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis).8 min · 24 cards
  4. 81. Subphylum Sarcodina. Genus Entamoeba.8 min · 16 cards
  5. 82. Phylum Apicomplexa. Toxoplasma gondii.8 min · 14 cards
  6. 83. Genus Plasmodium. Morphological differences in the erythrocyte schizogony of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum.7 min · 10 cards
  7. 84. Phylum Ciliophora. Balantidium coli.14 min · 10 cards
  8. 85. Metazoa: important evolutionary changes associated with the transition to multicellularity. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata). Genus Hydra. Genus Obelia.8 min · 10 cards
  9. 86. Phylum Platyhelminthes: important evolutionary changes. Class Trematoda. Genus Fasciola.8 min · 10 cards
  10. 87. Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. lanceatum).6 min · 9 cards
  11. 88. Genus Opisthorchis. Genus Schistosoma.7 min · 10 cards
  12. 89. Class Cestoda. Diphyllobothrium latum.6 min · 10 cards
  13. 90. Taenia saginata. Taenia solium.7 min · 10 cards
  14. 91. Echinococcus granulosus. Hymenolepis nana.7 min · 13 cards
  15. 92. Phylum Nematoda. Ascaris lumbricoides.7 min · 14 cards
  16. 93. Enterobius vermicularis. Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephalus trichiurus).6 min · 10 cards
  17. 94. Trichinella spiralis.7 min · 10 cards
  18. 95. Ancylostoma duodenale. Strongyloides stercoralis.7 min · 15 cards
  19. 96. Dracunculus medinensis. Filarial worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus.10 min · 21 cards
  20. 97. Phylum Annelida: important evolutionary changes. Lumbricus terrestris. Hirudo medicinalis.8 min · 22 cards
  21. 98. Phylum Arthropoda: important evolutionary changes. Class Crustacea: general characterization. Class Arachnida. Orders Scorpiones and Araneae.10 min · 22 cards
  22. 99. Superorder Acariphormes. Genera Ixodes, Hyalomma, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus.10 min · 9 cards
  23. 100. Class Insecta. The role of insects as vectors and mechanical carriers.9 min · 10 cards
  24. 101. Pediculus humanus. Phthirius pubis. Cimex lectularius. Pulex irritans.8 min · 10 cards
  25. 102. Genus Culex and genus Anopheles: morphological differences. Genus Phlebotomus.7 min · 8 cards
  26. 103. Overview of parasitism.11 min · 14 cards

Stop test practice 1 topic

  1. 105Stop Test (questions to practice)1 min · 292 cards

Biology at other universities

  • MU Pleven, Medicine63 notes

Other Year 1 subjects

  • Anatomy (Bones and Muscles)49 notes
  • Anatomy (Internal Organs+Glands)44 notes
  • Biology Stop Test7 notes
  • Chemistry42 notes
  • Cytology97 notes
  • Latin23 notes
  • Physics42 notes

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