Medicine · Year 3 · MU Sofia

Pathophysiology

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Pathophysiology, Medicine, Year 3: 168 topics, every one with a free study note (6 hours of reading), and 2,521 flashcards. Updated 9 November 2026.

syllabus topics: 168
free notes: 168
flashcards: 2,521
of reading: 6 h

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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

1. Cell injury - etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms.2 min · 14 cards
2. Cellular adaptation and reversible cellular injury.3 min · 15 cards
3. Irreversible cell damage. Cell death (oncosis, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis). Necrosis.2 min · 16 cards
4. Pathophysiology of tumor growth - general characteristics, classification and etiology of tumors; proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and viral oncogenes.3 min · 16 cards
5. Pathophysiology of tumor growth - stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, progression, invasion, metastasis).2 min · 15 cards
6. Pathophysiology of tumor growth - tumor metabolism, relationship between tumor and immune system, paraneoplastic syndrome.3 min · 16 cards
7. Hypersensitivity reaction type I (cytotropic/anaphylactic reaction).2 min · 16 cards
8. Hypersensitivity reaction type II (cytotoxic/cytolytic reaction).2 min · 15 cards
9. Hypersensitivity reaction type III (immune-complex reaction).2 min · 16 cards
10. Hypersensitivity reaction type IV (cell mediated reaction).2 min · 14 cards
11. Hypersensitivity reaction type V (antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity).2 min · 15 cards
12. Hypersensitivity reaction type VI (antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction).2 min · 14 cards
13. Autoinflammatory diseases - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 15 cards
14. Autoimmunity and immunological tolerance.2 min · 16 cards
15. Primary immunodeficiency diseases - combined T- and B-cell immune deficiency.2 min · 15 cards
16. Primary immunodeficiency diseases affecting adaptive immunity (combined T- and B-cell, B-cell and T-cell immune deficiency).2 min · 15 cards
17. Primary immunodeficiency diseases affecting innate immunity (NK-cell deficiency, phagocyte dysfunction, lack of complement factors).3 min · 16 cards
18. Secondary immunodeficiency diseases. HIV infection and AIDS.3 min · 16 cards
19. Pathophysiology of transplant rejection.2 min · 16 cards
20. Infectious process and infectious disease - etiology, epidemiology, chain of infection, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
21. Infectious process - molecular mechanisms (entry and colonization, microbial adhesion and tissue tropism, dissemination).2 min · 16 cards
22. Infectious process - microorganism-host interaction, toxic effects of microorganisms.3 min · 16 cards
23. Inflammation - definition, etiology, classification, cellular and biochemical components, adhesion molecules, mediators and inhibitors, receptors, signaling pathways.4 min · 16 cards
24. Inflammation - pathogenesis (primary damage, vascular phase, cellular phase, secondary damage, resolution) and clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
25. Acute inflammation - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 16 cards
26. Chronic inflammation - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 16 cards
27. Systemic inflammation - etiology and pathogenesis.2 min · 15 cards
28. Fever - etiology, pathogenesis, beneficial and harmful effects, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
29. Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
30. Stress and distress - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
31. Pain - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 16 cards
32. Headache - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 14 cards
33. Cerebral edema - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 14 cards
34. Cerebrovascular disease - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
35. Syncope - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
36. Epilepsy - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
37. Multiple sclerosis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
38. Parkinson's disease - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
39. Alzheimer's disease - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
40. Huntington's disease - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
41. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
42. Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
43. Paresis and paralysis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
44. Polyneuropathies - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
45. Hypersomatotropinemia, hyposomatotropinemia and hyperprolactinemia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
46. Schwartz-Bartter syndrome (SIADH) and diabetes insipidus - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
47. Panhypopituitarism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
48. Hyperthyroidism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
49. Thyroiditis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
50. Hypothyroidism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
51. Hyperparathyroidism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
52. Hypoparathyroidism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
53. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
54. Hyperinsulinism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
55. Diabetes mellitus type 1 - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
56. Diabetes mellitus type 2 - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
57. Gestational diabetes mellitus and symptomatic diabetes mellitus - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
58. Acute complications of diabetes (hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar state).4 min · 16 cards
59. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (molecular mechanisms, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, polyneuropathy).4 min · 13 cards
60. Hyperglucocorticism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
61. Hyperaldosteronism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
62. Adrenal hyperandrogenism (adrenogenital syndrome) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
63. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
64. Acute adrenal insufficiency - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
65. Chronic adrenal insufficiency - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
66. Carcinoid syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
67. Obesity and metabolic syndrome X - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
68. Dyslipidemia - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
69. Hyperhomocysteinemia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
70. Amyloidosis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
71. Dehydration and hyperhydration - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
72. Disorders in sodium, potassium and magnesium metabolism - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
73. Edema - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
74. Disorders of calcium-phosphorus exchange - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
75. Iron overload (hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis) and iron deficiency - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
76. Acid-base balance disorders - classification, etiology, adaptive-compensatory mechanisms, pathogenesis.2 min · 15 cards
77. Hypoxia - classification, etiology, adaptive-compensatory mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
78. Quantitative and qualitative breathing disorders. Basic pathogenetic mechanisms of lung diseases.2 min · 16 cards
79. Cough - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 14 cards
80. Inflammatory lung diseases (ARDS, pneumonia, tuberculosis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
81. Obstructive lung diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 13 cards
82. Obstructive lung diseases (bronchial asthma) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
83. Obstructive lung diseases (cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
84. Restrictive lung diseases (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
85. Diseases of the pleura (pneumothorax, pleurisy, pleural effusion) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
86. Pulmonary hypertension - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
87. Pulmonary embolism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
88. Acute respiratory failure - etiology, pathogenesis, compensatory mechanisms, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
89. Chronic respiratory failure - etiology, pathogenesis, compensatory mechanisms, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
90. Changes in blood volume (hypovolemia and hypervolemia) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
91. Erythrocytosis and polycythemia rubra vera - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
92. Anemias - definition, etiology, classification, pathomorphology, pathogenesis, compensatory mechanisms, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
93. Acute and chronic posthemorrhagic anemia.2 min · 15 cards
94. Iron deficiency anemia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
95. Megaloblastic anemias - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
96. Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 15 cards
97. Congenital hemolytic anemias - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
98. Acquired hemolytic anemias - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
99. Anemias in chronic diseases - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.6 min
100. Leukocytosis and leukopenia - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
101. Leukemias and lymphomas - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
102. Thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
103. Coagulopathies - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 12 cards
104. Thrombohemorrhagic vasculitis (HUS, TTP, DIC) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
105. Thrombosis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
106. Embolism - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
107. Hemorrhage - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 15 cards
108. Essential hypertension - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 14 cards
109. Secondary hypertension - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 15 cards
110. Hemodynamic damage from arterial hypertension. Clinical course.2 min · 15 cards
111. Shock - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, compensatory mechanisms, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
112. Chronic hypotension - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
113. Endothelial dysfunction, arterial and venous hyperemia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
114. Ischemia and stasis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
115. Atherosclerosis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
116. Vasculitis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
117. Ischemic heart disease - etiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
118. Chronic coronary syndromes (stable angina pectoris, silent myocardial ischemia, ischemic cardiomyopathy) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
119. Acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina pectoris, Prinzmetal angina) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
120. Acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction) - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
121. Infective endocarditis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
122. Heart valve disease - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
123. Myocarditis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
124. Cardiomyopathies - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
125. Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
126. Arrhythmias - classification, etiology, main pathogenetic mechanisms.2 min · 15 cards
127. Nomotopic arrhythmias (sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
128. Supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 13 cards
129. Supraventricular arrhythmias (AV-nodal reentry tachycardia, accessory pathways - WPW and LGL syndrome) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
130. Ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, flutter) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
131. Conduction blocks (intraatrial, AV-nodal, intraventricular) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
132. Heart failure - etiology, classification, compensatory mechanisms, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
133. Acute heart failure - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
134. Chronic heart failure - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
135. Abdominal pain - classification, etiology, pathogenesis.2 min · 15 cards
136. Gastrointestinal bleeding - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
137. Constipation and diarrhea - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
138. Nausea and vomiting - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
139. Diseases of the esophagus (achalasia, GERD, esophagitis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
140. Diseases of the stomach (gastroparesis, gastritis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 14 cards
141. Peptic ulcer disease - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
142. Gastric dumping syndrome - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 13 cards
143. Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, gluten enteropathy) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
144. Irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulosis and diverticulitis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
145. Acute intestinal obstruction - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
146. Pancreatitis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
147. Maldigestion and malabsorption syndrome - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 15 cards
148. Acute and chronic hepatitis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
149. Wilson's disease and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.1 min · 13 cards
150. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts (cholecystitis, cholangitis, cholestasis) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
151. Cholelithiasis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications.2 min · 16 cards
152. Jaundice - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
153. Diseases of hepatic vessels (hepatic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
154. Acute liver failure - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
155. Liver cirrhosis - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications.2 min · 15 cards
156. Glomerulonephritis and nephropathies - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
157. Nephritic and nephrotic syndrome - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards
158. Interstitial nephritis and polycystic kidney disease - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
159. Kidney stone disease - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications.2 min · 16 cards
160. Syndrome of impaired diuresis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
161. Acute renal failure - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
162. Chronic renal failure - classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 16 cards
163. Rickets and osteomalacia - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
164. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 15 cards
165. Rheumatoid arthritis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.9 min
166. Hyperuricemia and gout - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
167. Dermatomyositis and polymyositis - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.2 min · 15 cards
168. Connective tissue diseases (Bechterew's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome) - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.3 min · 16 cards

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