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Medicine · Year 2 · MU Pleven

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is taught in Year 2 of the Medicine degree at the Medical University of Pleven, and its syllabus runs through 76 topics in seven chapters. It opens with proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids, moves to bioenergetics and carbohydrate metabolism, then lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, before turning to hormones and metabolic regulation, haem, haemoglobin and blood cells, and finally the biochemistry of organs and tissues such as liver, kidney, muscle and nerve tissue. AceMed has a note for every topic, about four hours of reading in all, built around 381 labelled pictures with 23 tables that compare pathways, enzymes and disorders, and clinical links close many notes. There are also 1,087 flashcards.

The full MU Pleven syllabus for Biochemistry, Medicine, Year 2: 76 topics, every one with a free study note (4 hours of reading), and 1,087 flashcards. Updated 29 October 2026.

syllabus topics
76
free notes
76
flashcards
1,087
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4 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Pleven syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

Proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids 9 topics

  1. 1. Three-Dimensional Structure of the Proteins. Super Secondary Domains: Leucine Type, Zn Fingers and Serpentine Type Domains.6 min · 22 cards
  2. 2. Folding of Proteins. Transformation of α Structures into β. Importance.6 min · 22 cards
  3. 3. Enzymes: General Properties. Enzyme Specificity. Nomenclature and Classification. Isozymes. Mechanism of Enzymatic Action.6 min · 20 cards
  4. 4. The Kinetics of Enzyme Catalysis: Velocity Of Enzyme Reactions, Influence of the Concentration of Substrate and Enzyme. Inhibition. Influence of Inhibitors upon the Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions. Examples of Drugs - Enzyme Inhibitors.5 min · 10 cards
  5. 5. Mechanisms of Regulation of Enzyme Activity. Adjustable and inducible enzymes. Control of Metabolic Pathways. Examples of Enzyme Regulation: Glycogen Phosphorylase and Glycogen Synthase, Zymogens.5 min · 10 cards
  6. 6. Determination of Enzyme Activity. Clinical Importance of Enzymes. Examples of enzymes in diagnosis of certain Diseases: Myocardial infarction, Hepatitis, Acute Pancreatitis, Parotitis.7 min · 16 cards
  7. 7. Nucleotide Structure and Function. Nucleotides as Nucleic Acid Components. Nucleotides with Important Biological Functions: Energy-Rich Compounds. Redox Systems and Coenzymes.7 min · 35 cards
  8. 8. Nucleic acids: DNA. Synthesis, Structure and Function.7 min · 20 cards
  9. 9. Nucleic acid: RNA. Types, Synthesis, Structure and Function.6 min · 25 cards

Bioenergetics and carbohydrate metabolism 14 topics

  1. 10. Overview of Intermediary Metabolism. Metabolic Pathways: Catabolic and Anabolic Processes. The High Energy Bond- Definition and Examples. The Role of ATP in cell energetics.5 min · 14 cards
  2. 11. Mitochondrial Oxidation. Structure of Electron Transfer Chain (Respiratory Chain). The Coupling of processes of Oxidation and Phosphorylation. Regulation of Electron Transfer Chain: Inhibitors, Uncoupling agents. Thermogenesis.5 min · 40 cards
  3. 12. Dietary Carbohydrates. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates. Glucose Transport by GLUTs.5 min · 14 cards
  4. 13. Glucose Metabolism. Glycolysis under Anaerobic Conditions: Main Stages and Reactions. Substrate-level phosphorylation.4 min · 10 cards
  5. 14. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex. Biological Importance of Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate. Role of Oxidative Decarboxylation in the degradation of Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Krebs Cycle) and Branched Amino Acids. Regulation. Role of Vit B1, B2, B3 (Niacin), Lipoic Acid and Pantothenic Acid. Energetic and Metabolic Balance.5 min · 10 cards
  6. 15. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle). Reactions, Regulation, Energetic and Metabolic Balance. Connection with Other Metabolic Pathways.6 min · 10 cards
  7. 16. Aerobic Glycolysis. Connection with Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transfer Chain. Glycerophosphate Shuttle and Malate Shuttle to Transport Reducing Equivalents to Mitochondria. Energetic balance.4 min · 30 cards
  8. 17. Gluconeogenesis Pathway (GNG). Substrates of GNG. Intertissue Connections: The Lactic Acid (Cori) Cycle.3 min · 10 cards
  9. 18. Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Pathways. Organ Specificity.3 min · 30 cards
  10. 19. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Degradation of Glucose in it. Anabolic Role of Ribose 5-phospate and NADPH. Organ Specificity.3 min · 10 cards
  11. 20. Metabolism of Glycogen. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Glycogen. Importance of Glycogen in Muscles and Liver.3 min · 10 cards
  12. 21. Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism. Glycogen Storage Diseases. Glycogenosis3 min · 10 cards
  13. 22. Metabolism of Galactose and Fructose. Enzyme Deficiencies. Synthesis of Hexosamines.2 min · 10 cards
  14. 23. Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Control of Blood Glucose Level in Different Conditions: well Fed State, Fasting, Prolonged Starvation. Metabolic disturbance in Diabetes Mellitus.3 min · 20 cards

Lipid metabolism 14 topics

  1. 24. Classification of Lipids. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids. Synthesis of Chylomicrons.3 min · 20 cards
  2. 25. Lipid Transport in Serum: Triacylglycerol Transport by Lipoproteins. Metabolism.3 min · 10 cards
  3. 26. Lipid Transport in Serum: Cholesterol Transport by Lipoproteins. Metabolism. Role of These Lipoproteins for the Development of Atherosclerosis. Atherogenic Factors.3 min · 10 cards
  4. 27. Metabolism of Triacylglycerols. Regulation of Lipolysis and Lipogenesis in Various Organs. Glycerol Metabolism and Oxygenation. Role of Lipolysis in Thermogenesis3 min · 12 cards
  5. 28. β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids with an Even Number of Carbon Atoms. Regulation. Activation And Transport Of Fatty Acids Into Mitochondria. Reactions, Metabolic and Energy Balance3 min · 14 cards
  6. 29. Oxidation of Fatty Acids With an Odd Number of Carbon Atoms. Role of Vitamine B12. -Oxidation of Branched Fatty Acids.2 min · 13 cards
  7. 30. Ketogenesis and Ketolysis. Intertissue Connections in Ketone Substances Metabolism. Ketoacidosis. Importance of Ketone Substances.3 min · 10 cards
  8. 31. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids. Examples for Reductive Synthesis, Role of NADPH2. Regulation. Energetic and Metabolic Balance.3 min · 10 cards
  9. 32. Metabolism of Phosphoacylglycerols. Metabolism of Lecithin and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Regulation. Biological importance.3 min · 10 cards
  10. 33. Metabolism of Sphingolipids: Sphingophospholipids and Glycolipids. Sphingolipidoses3 min · 15 cards
  11. 34. Cholesterol Synthesis. Main Metabolites. Regulation and Enzymes. Examples of Drugs - Inhibitors of Cholesterol Synthesis.3 min · 14 cards
  12. 35. Conversion of Cholesterol to Specialised Products: Bile Acids. Cholesterol Excretion. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids. Clinical Aspects of Cholesterol Metabolism.3 min · 10 cards
  13. 36. Conversion of Cholesterol to Specialised Products: Steroid Hormones and Calcitriol. Synthesis and Function. Monooxygenase Systems.3 min · 10 cards
  14. 37. Synthesis of Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Prostacyclines, Leukotrienes, Lipoxines and Tromboxanes. Regulation of Synthesis. Therapeutic Use of COX Enzyme Inhibitors. Role of ω-3 Fatty Acids.2 min · 13 cards

Amino acid metabolism 16 topics

  1. 38. Digestion of proteins: role of proteolytic enzymes. Absorption of Amino Acids and Peptides.3 min · 14 cards
  2. 39. Overview of Metabolism of Amino Acids. Nitrogen Balance. Transamination Reactions. Role of Vitamin B6. Importance of Aminotransferases for Diagnostics.3 min · 10 cards
  3. 40. Fate of Amino Acid Nitrogen. Detoxification of Ammonia Through Biosynthesis of Urea - Urea Cycle3 min · 10 cards
  4. 41. Other Ways of Detoxification of Ammonia: Reductive Amination, Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids, The Role Of Glutamate, Biosynthesis of Glutamine. The Role of Renal Glutaminase.3 min · 20 cards
  5. 42. Decarboxylation of Amino Acids. Biosynthesis of Physiologically Active Amines: Neurotransmitters and Hormones. Importance and Degradation. Role of MAO and COMT.3 min · 10 cards
  6. 43. Metabolism of Carbon Skeletons of Аmino Acids – Interaction with Crebs Cycle. Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Аcids. Nitrogen Balance.3 min · 20 cards
  7. 44. Essential and Nonessential and Conditionally Essential Аmino Аcids. Biosynthesis of Nonessential Аmino Acids.2 min · 13 cards
  8. 45. Tetrahydrofolate as a carrier of “C1”-One-Carbon-Units. Role of Folic Acid. Antifolate Drugs. Importance of SAM.5 min · 10 cards
  9. 46. Metabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine. Inherited Enzyme Defects - Phenylketonuria and Alkaptonuria.2 min · 13 cards
  10. 47. Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products: Synthesis and Degradation of Catecholamines (Dopamine, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine). Pathobiochemistry of Parkinson's disease.2 min · 10 cards
  11. 48. Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products: Synthesis and Degradation Of Melanins and Thyroid Hormones. Pathological Conditions.3 min · 10 cards
  12. 49. Metabolism of Tryptophan. Synthesis of NAD and Other Biologically Active Compounds.2 min · 13 cards
  13. 50. Metabolism of Arginine. Synthesis of Biologically Important Derivatives of Amino Acids - Synthesis of NO, Creatine And Polyamines2 min · 15 cards
  14. 51. Metabolism of S-Containing Amino Acids: Cysteine and Methionine.Synthesis of SAM. Enzyme Defects.3 min · 10 cards
  15. 52. Amino Acid Metabolism in Liver, Gut and Kidney.3 min · 10 cards
  16. 53. Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle and CNS.3 min · 10 cards

Hormones and metabolic regulation 6 topics

  1. 54. Hormones. Structure and Function. Classification.3 min · 10 cards
  2. 55. Mechanism of action of hormones binding cell membrane receptors. Hormone- receptor interactions. Role of Second Messenger cAMP.2 min · 20 cards
  3. 56. Mechanism of action of hormones binding cell membrane receptors. Hormone- receptor interactions. Role of Second Messengers: DAG and Inositol triphosphate.3 min · 20 cards
  4. 57. Mechanism of Action of Hormones with Intracellular Receptors. Steroid and Thyroid Hormones, Calcitriol and Vitamin D.3 min · 14 cards
  5. 58. Mechanism of Action of Insulin and Growth Factors. Insulin Dependent Tissues and Insulin Dependent Transporter of Glucose2 min · 20 cards
  6. 59. Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism in the Fed and Fasting State. Biochemical Mechanisms of Fasting, Starvation and Stress Starvation. Malnutrition.3 min · 10 cards

Haem, haemoglobin and blood cells 7 topics

  1. 60. Biosynthesis of Porphyrin. Porphyrias2 min · 10 cards
  2. 61. Haemoglobin: Structure, Function and Types. Haemoglobin Genes. Changes of Haemoglobin Conformation During Oxygen Transport. Role of 2,3 bisphosphosphoglycerate.3 min · 15 cards
  3. 62. Degradation of Haemoglobin. Metabolism of Bile Pigments. Jaundice.3 min · 12 cards
  4. 63. Homeostasis. Proteases and Cofactors. Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Coagulation Factors for the Development of Thrombosis.4 min · 15 cards
  5. 64. Iron Metabolism. Role of Ferritine and Transferrine. Regulation.3 min · 13 cards
  6. 65. Metabolism in Erythrocytes (RBC)3 min · 15 cards
  7. 66. Metabolism in Leukocytes (WBC) and Platelets.2 min · 13 cards

Biochemistry of organs and tissues 10 topics

  1. 67. Biochemistry of Liver. Metabolic processes. Metabolism of carbohydrates, pro- teins and lipids.3 min · 10 cards
  2. 68. Biochemistry of Liver. Biotransformation Processes. Detoxification of Xeno and Endobiotics.The Role of Cytochrome P 450.3 min · 10 cards
  3. 69. Metabolism in Nerve Tissue. Synthesis and Degradation of Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, GABA.3 min · 10 cards
  4. 70. Metabolism in Renal Cortex and Medulla: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Renal Glutaminase, Buffers. Metabolism in intestines.3 min · 20 cards
  5. 71. Metabolism in Muscle Tissue. Bioenergetics of Muscle Contraction in Various Types of Fibers and Various Types of Exercise. Metabolism of Creatine.3 min · 10 cards
  6. 72. Biochemistry of Connective Tissue Proteins: Collagens. Metabolism of hexosamines. Structure of Glycosaminoglycans.3 min · 10 cards
  7. 73. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Purines. Enzyme Defects. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.3 min · 10 cards
  8. 74. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Pyrimidines. Enzyme Defects. Orotic Aciduria.3 min · 10 cards
  9. 75. Methods of DNA analysis. Recombinant DNA in Medicine. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a Diagnostic Tool.3 min · 20 cards
  10. 76. Nutrigenomics. Nutritional Regulation of Gene Expression. Gene Modulation. Gene Polymorphism.2 min · 13 cards

Biochemistry at other universities

  • MU Sofia, Medicine70 notes
  • MU Sofia, Dental Medicine70 notes

Other Year 2 subjects

  • Anatomy Bones and Muscles236 notes
  • Physiology17 notes

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