General and Operative Surgery

I. Theory 77 topics

1. 1. Brief historical data on the development of surgery. Surgery in Bulgaria.5 min
2. 2. Antiseptics. Historical data. Means for achieving antiseptics.Being written
3. 3. Aseptics. Historical data. Operating room layout.Being written
4. 4. Base and means for conducting surgical treatment. Organization and planning of the surgical department. Surgical instruments, suture materials, dressing and additional materials, operating clothing.6 min
5. 5. Preoperative preparation and examination of the patient.5 min
6. 6. Postoperative period. Postoperative complications – surgical, pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, digestive tract, hepatic, hepatorenal syndrome.5 min
7. 7. Preparation of the operational team for an operation. Preparation of the operational field.2 min
8. 8. Surgical operation. Types of operations.1 min
9. 9. Application of antibiotics in surgery. Indications. Complications.3 min
10. 10. Basic manipulations in surgery. Puncture – types, indications, technique. Puncture of vessels and anatomical cavities.5 min
11. 11. Basic manipulations in surgery. Puncture of newly formed cavities – abscess (hot and cold) and hematoma. Probing – types, indications, techniques.7 min
12. 12. Basic surgical interventions. Tomy. Stoma.4 min
13. 13. Basic surgical interventions. Incision. Excision. Trepanation.3 min
14. 14. Basic surgical interventions. Anastomosis. Bypass.5 min
15. 15. Basic surgical interventions Resection. Ectomy. Amputation.5 min
16. 16. Anesthesia – historical data. Definition. Classification. Types.7 min
17. 17. Local anesthesia – types, medications, indications, technique, complications.5 min
18. 18. Shock – types, pathophysiology, basic principles of correction.7 min
19. 19. Clinical death – basic clinical characteristics. Resuscitation measures.4 min
20. 20. Congenital diseases. Teratogenic factors. Prenatal diagnosis.7 min
21. 21. Basic principles of surgical treatment of congenital diseases.1 min
22. 22. Congenital diseases of the head and neck.5 min
23. 23. Congenital diseases of the digestive tract.6 min
24. 24. Injuries. Definition of trauma and traumatism. Types of injuries. Classification.3 min
25. 25. Closed mechanical injuries. Contusion. Compression. Traumatic toxicosis (Crush syndrome). Traumatic dislocation.5 min
26. 26. Closed head injuries. Concussion, contusion, compression Cerebral.7 min
27. 27. Closed thoracic and abdominal injuries.4 min
28. 28. Open trauma – wound.6 min
29. 29. Contusion and laceration – contusion wound.2 min
30. 30. Cut wound. Bite wound.2 min
31. 31. Gunshot wound. Stab wound.3 min
32. 32. Wound healing – primary, secondary. Wound suturing. Types. Scar (cicatrix).9 min
33. 33. Wound treatment. Principles of wound treatment.3 min
34. 34. Postoperative wound complications.2 min
35. 35. Hernias of the anterior abdominal wall. Definition, complications, clinical features, diagnosis and principles of treatment.Being written
36. 36. Burn. Definition, types of degrees, determination of the surface, phases of burn, clinical symptoms, basics of treatment, conservative and surgical, resuscitation.8 min
37. 37. Electrical injuries – local, general.1 min
38. 38. Chemical burns.2 min
39. 39. Frostbite. Definition, types, degrees, manifestations, basics of treatment.3 min
40. 40. General cooling - pathophysiology, clinical picture, treatmentBeing written
41. 41. Bleeding – definition, classification, pathophysiology, clinical picture, treatment12 min
42. 42. Blood transfusion – history, ABO system and Rh factor / Rh/. Determination of blood groups. Indications and contraindications for blood transfusion. Blood products.16 min
43. 43. Bleeding from the upper GI tract. Sources of bleeding. Clinical features, diagnostics and principles of treatment.Being written
44. 44. Bleeding from the lower GI tract. Sources of bleeding. Clinical features, diagnostics and principles of treatment.Being written
45. 45. Transplantology – definition, terminology. Transplantation of tissues and organs.Being written
46. 46. Plastic and reconstructive surgeries. Definition, types.Being written
47. 47. Nature of inflammation. Morphological changes and pathophysiology of the inflammatory process. Local and general clinical signs of inflammation. Sources and routes of spread of the inflammatory process.7 min
48. 48. Classification of surgical infection. Causative agents of surgical infections. Acute purulent infection – abscess.Being written
49. 49. Acute purulent infection – phlegmon. Chronic purulent infection.Being written
50. 50. Purulent infections of the skin and its appendages - folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, hidradenitis.Being written
51. 51. Purulent infection of the lymphatic system. Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Elephantiasis.Being written
52. 52. General purulent infection (sepsis) - classification, etiology, pathogenesis. clinic, diagnostics and treatment. Abdominal sepsis.Being written
53. 53. Anaerobic gas infection.Being written
54. 54. Tetanus – clinic, treatment and prevention.Being written
55. 55. Specific inflammatory diseases. Tuberculosis. Indications and surgical treatment of tuberculosis. Actinomycosis.Being written
56. 56. Echinococcosis.Being written
57. 57. Obstructive-icteric syndrome - definition, clinical features, diagnosis and principles of treatment.Being written
58. 58. Acute abdomen syndrome. Inflammatory changes of the peritoneum. Perforation of hollow abdominal organs – clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.Being written
59. 59. Acute abdomen syndrome. Intestinal obstruction - types, clinical features, diagnostics and principles of treatment.Being written
60. 60. Acute arterial obstruction. Acute arterial thrombosis. Embolism – types.Being written
61. 61. Chronic arterial obstruction – Raynaud 's syndrome and disease, Buerger's disease, obliterating atherosclerosis, diabetic angiopathy.Being written
62. 62. Necrosis and gangrene. Classification of gangrene. Dry and wet gangrene.Being written
63. 63. Venous insufficiency. Varicose veins – etiology, clinical features and complications.Being written
64. 64. Thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis.Being written
65. 65. Ulcers and fistulas. Etiology. Classification.Being written
66. 66. Osteomyelitis – etiology, types. Periostitis and perichondritis.Being written
67. 67. Surgical oncology. Epidemiology of malignant neoplasms. Modern theories of carcinogenesis. Genetic aspects, tumors with hereditary predisposition. Early diagnosis of malignant diseases, screening methods, tests for early diagnosis.14 min
68. 68. General principles of the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Ablastics and antiblastics. Combined methods of treatment - radiation - chemotherapy, hormone -, immunotherapy.4 min
69. 69. Classification of neoplasms. Morphology and biology of tumor growth. Precanceroses. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Clinical classification of malignant tumors. TNM - system. Basic apparatus and instrumental methods. Morphological diagnostics. Tumor markers.18 min
70. 70. Benign and malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin.5 min
71. 71. Benign and malignant neoplasms of connective tissue.7 min
72. 72. Mixed tumors.2 min
73. 73. Surgical endoscopy – principles and indications. Bronchoscopy, fibrogastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy and fibrocolonoscopy.8 min
74. 74. Surgical endoscopy – principles and indications. Laparoscopy – technique, indications, contraindications. Bronchoscopy, VATS.3 min
75. 75. Laparoscopic ( minimally invasive surgery) – history, development, principles. Advantages and disadvantages. Necessary equipment and instruments. Types of laparoscopic operations.1 min
76. 76. Laparocentesis. Thoracocentesis. Puncture biopsy.6 min
77. 77. Robosurgery and telesurgery.3 min