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Dental Medicine · Year 1 · MU Sofia

Cytology

Cytology is taught in Year 1 of the Dental Medicine degree at the Medical University of Sofia. Its syllabus begins with the cell, from microscopy and staining methods through membranes, organelles, the nucleus, division and cell death. It moves on to general histology of epithelial, connective, blood, muscle and nerve tissue, then general embryology from gametes and fertilisation to germ layers and malformations. It ends with 38 histological slides to recognise. AceMed has notes for all 127 topics, about eight hours of reading built around 378 labelled pictures, with 10 tables and 1,324 flashcards. The slide notes give stain colours, the features to look for and look-alikes to avoid.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Cytology, Dental Medicine, Year 1: 127 topics, every one with a free study note (8 hours of reading), and 1,324 flashcards. Updated 2 November 2026.

syllabus topics
127
free notes
127
flashcards
1,324
of reading
8 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

Cytology 34 topics

  1. 1. Microscopy. Types of microscopes: principles and application.1. Microscopy. Types of microscopes.5 min · 13 cards
  2. 2. Basic stages in the preparation of a permanent histological preparation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining.2. Collection of material for microscopic examinations. Fixation.9 min · 14 cards
  3. 3. Histochemistry. Demonstration of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.4. Histochemistry. Methods of demonstration of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.4 min · 14 cards
  4. 4. Methods for the demonstration of enzymes.5. Methods of demonstration of enzymes .3 min · 14 cards
  5. 5. Immunohistochemistry.4 min · 14 cards
  6. 6. Hybridization techniques. Cell cultures.Hybridization techniques. · 8. Cell culture.11 min · 16 cards
  7. 7. Cell fractionation. Histoautoradiography.Autoradiography. X-ray crystalography.7 min · 14 cards
  8. 8. Cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.5 min · 16 cards
  9. 9. Cell. External and internal morphology of the eukaryotic cell.11. Outer and inner morphology of the eucariotyc cell.4 min · 15 cards
  10. 10. Chemical composition of the cell. Carbohydrates. Lipids.12. Chemical composition of the cell. Basic chemical compounds. Carbohydrates and lipds.8 min · 15 cards
  11. 11. Chemical composition of the cell. Proteins. Nucleic acids.13. Chemical composition of the cell. Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.3 min · 14 cards
  12. 12. Cell membrane. Glycocalyx. Cell membrane models.14. Cell membrane and glycocalix. Cell membrane models.4 min · 14 cards
  13. 13. Membrane transport. Passive and active transport.5 min · 15 cards
  14. 14. Structure and function of cell membrane proteins.16. Structure and function of the cell membrane proteins.4 min · 14 cards
  15. 15. Specialized structures of the cell membrane.17. Specialized cell membrane structures.6 min · 17 cards
  16. 16. Intercellular junctions.2 min · 14 cards
  17. 17. Endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes. Annulate lamellae.19. Endoplasmic reticulum. RIbosomes Anular lamellae.1 min · 14 cards
  18. 18. Golgi apparatus.1 min · 15 cards
  19. 19. Secretory vesicles. Coated vesicles.21.Exocytosis, Secretory vesicles.1 min · 32 cards
  20. 20. Lysosomes and endosomes. Peroxisomes.2 min · 14 cards
  21. 21. Mitochondria.3 min · 14 cards
  22. 22. Nucleus. Structure of the nucleus. Chromatin. Chromosomes. Nucleolus.25. Nucleus. Structure.3 min · 16 cards
  23. 23. Structure and replication of DNA.6 min · 16 cards
  24. 24. Protein synthesis. Proteasomes.6 min · 14 cards
  25. 25. Cytoskeleton. Microtubules.3 min · 15 cards
  26. 26. Cytoskeleton. Actin and intermediate filaments.29. Cytoskeleton. Actin, intermediate and myosin filaments.3 min · 13 cards
  27. 27. Cell center and centrioles.30. Cytocenter and centrioles.3 min · 15 cards
  28. 28. Cellular inclusions.6 min · 16 cards
  29. 29. Endocytosis and exocytosis.6 min · 16 cards
  30. 30. Cell signalling. Types of receptors. Growth factors.33. Cell signaling. Receptor – types. Growth factors.5 min · 15 cards
  31. 31. Cell cycle. Cell division. Mitosis. Endomitosis. Amitosis.7 min · 14 cards
  32. 32. Cell division. Meiosis.6 min · 16 cards
  33. 33. Cell differentiation and proliferation. Stem cells.6 min · 16 cards
  34. 34. Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis.4 min · 12 cards

General Histology 36 topics

  1. 35. Tissues. Classification. General properties of tissues.1. Definition and classification of tissues. General properties of tissues.4 min · 14 cards
  2. 36. Epithelial tissue - definition, general characteristics and classification.2. Epithelial tissue. Definition and general characteristics10 min · 14 cards
  3. 37. Simple surface epithelia.5 min · 12 cards
  4. 38. Stratified surface epithelia.3 min · 13 cards
  5. 39. Glandular epithelium - exocrine type.5. Glandular epithelium - exocrine type. Types of glands.2 min
  6. 40. Glandular epithelium - endocrine type.4 min · 15 cards
  7. 41. Connective tissue - definition, general characteristics, and classification.7. Connective tissue - definition, general characteristics, and classifications4 min · 13 cards
  8. 42. Connective tissue - intercellular substance. Structural intercellular fibers.12. Connective tissue fibers.7 min · 29 cards
  9. 43. Collagenogenesis and elastogenesis.3 min · 14 cards
  10. 44. Connective tissue cells.3 min · 14 cards
  11. 45. Embryonic connective tissue. Fibrous connective tissue.3 min · 11 cards
  12. 46. Pigment tissue, adipose tissue. Reticular connective tissue. Mononuclear phagocytic system.13. Specialized connective tissues - pigment tissue, adipose tissue. · 14. Reticular connective tissue. Mononuclear-phagocyte system.7 min · 27 cards
  13. 47. Cartilaginous connective tissue. Hyaline cartilage.4 min · 15 cards
  14. 48. Cartilaginous connective tissue. Elastic cartilage. Fibrous cartilage.2 min · 15 cards
  15. 49. Bone tissue. Cells.3 min · 15 cards
  16. 50. Bone tissue. Intercellular substance. Histogenesis of bone tissue.4 min · 13 cards
  17. 51. Blood. Blood plasma. Antibodies.5 min · 15 cards
  18. 52. Erythrocytes. Erythrocytopoiesis.4 min · 13 cards
  19. 53. Granulocytes - types. Granulocytopoiesis.5 min · 15 cards
  20. 54. Lymphocytes - types. Lymphocytopoiesis.7 min · 12 cards
  21. 55. Monocytes. Monocytopoiesis.3 min · 13 cards
  22. 56. Platelets. Thrombocytopoiesis.3 min · 13 cards
  23. 57. Blood formation. Periods and sites of blood formation. Regulation of hemopoiesis.7 min · 13 cards
  24. 58. Bone marrow.4 min · 13 cards
  25. 59. Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Myoepithelial cells. Pericytes.5 min · 15 cards
  26. 60. Cardiac muscle tissue.27. Cardiac muscle tissue. Cardiomyocytes - structure, types.5 min · 16 cards
  27. 61. Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Types of muscle fibers.28. Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Structure of striated muscle fiber. Types of muscle fibers.9 min · 15 cards
  28. 62. Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Mechanism of muscle contraction.4 min · 13 cards
  29. 63. Nerve tissue. Histogenesis.4 min · 12 cards
  30. 64. Morphology of the neuron. Types of neurons.6 min · 13 cards
  31. 65. Neural outgrowths. Axon. Dendrites.4 min · 15 cards
  32. 66. Nerve fibers - types. Myelin sheath. Peripheral nerves.5 min · 16 cards
  33. 67. Interneuronal synapses. Neurotransmitters.7 min · 13 cards
  34. 68. Neuroglia - types.7 min · 16 cards
  35. 69. Receptor nerve endings.36. Receptor nerve endings. Receptors for general sensation.6 min · 30 cards
  36. 70. Effector nerve endings.38. Effector nerve endings. Neuromuscular synapse.6 min · 16 cards

General Embryology 19 topics

  1. 71. Gametes and gametogenesis. Gonad development.94. Primordial germ cells and gametogenesis.9 min · 14 cards
  2. 72. Male gametes. Spermatogenesis. Structure of the spermatozoon.95. Spermatogenesis. Spermatozoon.5 min · 14 cards
  3. 73. Female gametes. Ovarian follicles. Oogenesis. Structure of the mature oocyte.96. Oogenesis. Oocyte.5 min · 14 cards
  4. 74. Menstrual cycle. Ovulation.97. Ovarian cycle. Ovulation.8 min · 15 cards
  5. 75. Fertilization.5 min · 14 cards
  6. 76. Periods in embryonic development.Periods in embryonic development. Critical periods.6 min · 13 cards
  7. 77. Blastogenesis - formation of morula and blastocyst.Blastocyst formation.4 min · 14 cards
  8. 78. Implantation.4 min · 15 cards
  9. 79. Fetal membranes - amnion and chorion. Yolk sac. Allantois.Fetal membranes – amnion and chorion. Yolk sac. Alantois.3 min · 13 cards
  10. 80. Placentation and placenta.Placenta.3 min · 12 cards
  11. 81. Umbilical cord and embryonic circulation.Umbilical cord and embryonic blood circulation.7 min · 12 cards
  12. 82. Bilaminar embryonic disc. Gastrulation. Shaping of the fetal body.7 min · 13 cards
  13. 83. Ectoderm and its derivatives.7 min · 14 cards
  14. 84. Endoderm and its derivatives.7 min · 14 cards
  15. 85. Mesoderm and its derivatives. Mesenchyme.7 min · 14 cards
  16. 86. Twins.Twins. Malformations.5 min · 16 cards
  17. 87. Molecular and genetic basis of embryonic development.Cellular mechanisms of embryonic development.4 min · 14 cards
  18. 88. Factors influencing embryonic development.Environmental factors influencing development. · Chromosomal and genetic defects underlying congenital malformations.8 min · 28 cards
  19. 89. Types of malformations.3 min · 14 cards

Practical exam slides 38 topics

  1. 90Slide 1. Cylindrical gallbladder cells, H&E1 min
  2. 91Slide 2. Cuboid thyroid cells, H&E1 min
  3. 92Slide 3. Variously shaped cells of glabrous skin, AZAN1 min
  4. 93Slide 4. Cell borders of omentum, silver impregnation1 min
  5. 94Slide 5. Stereocilia epididymis, H&E1 min
  6. 95Slide 6. Acid phosphatase liver, Gomori lead method1 min
  7. 96Slide 7. Succinate dehydrogenase kidney, Nachlas tetrazolium method1 min
  8. 97Slide 8. Liver glycogen, PAS reaction1 min
  9. 98Slide 9. Lipids subcutaneous adipose tissue, Sudan III1 min
  10. 99Slide 10. Spherical nuclei of the spinal ganglion, H&E1 min
  11. 100Slide 11. Single-layered squamous epithelium of the kidney, H&E1 min
  12. 101Slide 12. Single-layered cuboidal epithelium and mixed acini of the submandibular gland, H&E1 min
  13. 102Slide 13. Single-layer prismatic secretory epithelium stomach fundus, H&E1 min
  14. 103Slide 14. Apparently stratified prismatic ciliated epithelium of the trachea, Masson stain1 min
  15. 104Slide 15. Transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder, H&E1 min
  16. 105Slide 16. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of the esophagus, H&E1 min
  17. 106Slide 17. Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, H&E1 min
  18. 107Slide 18. Loose connective tissue and white adipose tissue subcutaneous, H&E1 min
  19. 108Slide 19. Fibrous-compact regular (collagenous) connective tissue tendon, H&E1 min
  20. 109Slide 20. Hyaline cartilage trachea, H&E1 min
  21. 110Slide 21. Elastic cartilage of the auricle, Orcein1 min
  22. 111Slide 22. Fibrocartilage and red bone marrow vertebrae and intervertebral disc, H&E1 min
  23. 112Slide 23. Bone tissue, diaphysis of a bone, Schmorl staining1 min
  24. 113Slide 24. Peripheral blood smear from a human, Romanowski-Giemsa staining1 min
  25. 114Slide 25. Skeletal striated muscle tissue skeletal muscle, Ferrous hematoxylin1 min
  26. 115Slide 26. Smooth muscle tissue of the small intestine, H&E1 min
  27. 116Slide 27. Cardiac striated muscle tissue heart, H&E1 min
  28. 117Slide 28. Cardiac striated muscle tissue and bundle of His heart, H&E1 min
  29. 118Slide 29. Multipolar neurons spinal cord, Nissl staining1 min
  30. 119Slide 30. Pseudounipolar neurons of the spinal ganglion, H&E1 min
  31. 120Slide 31. Pyramidal and stellate neurons and neuroglia of the cerebral cortex, Silver impregnation1 min
  32. 121Slide 32. Neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus, PAS staining1 min
  33. 122Slide 33. Myelinated nerve fibers of peripheral nerve, Osmium tetroxide staining1 min
  34. 123Slide 34. Isolated oocyte - Toluidine blue1 min
  35. 124Slide 35. Sperm smear - Iron hematoxylin1 min
  36. 125Slide 36. Umbilical cord - H&E1 min
  37. 126Slide 37. Placenta - H&E1 min
  38. 127Slide 38. Organogenesis of chicken - Toluidine blue1 min

Cytology at other universities

  • MU Pleven, Medicine59 notes

Other Year 1 subjects

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  • Chemistry42 notes
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