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Dental Medicine · Year 2 · MU Sofia

Physiology

Physiology is taught in Year 2 of the Dental Medicine degree at the Medical University of Sofia, and its syllabus runs through 104 topics in a single sequence. It opens with homeostasis, membrane transport and cell signalling. It then moves through nerve, synapse and muscle, followed by blood and immunity, the heart and circulation, respiration, digestion, metabolism and nutrition, thermoregulation, the kidneys, body fluids and acid-base balance. Endocrine and reproductive physiology come next, then the nervous system, the senses and movement, closing with exercise. AceMed's notes cover every topic and take about nine hours to read. They are built around 563 labelled pictures, with five tables, recap questions in most topics and 1,859 flashcards.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Physiology, Dental Medicine, Year 2: 104 topics, every one with a free study note (9 hours of reading), and 1,859 flashcards. Updated 30 October 2026.

syllabus topics
104
free notes
104
flashcards
1,859
of reading
9 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

  1. 1. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation.7 min · 15 cards
  2. 2. Cellular membrane & Passive transport10 min · 15 cards
  3. 3. Active transport8 min · 33 cards
  4. 4. Intercellular communication7 min · 16 cards
  5. 5. Transmembrane potential and resting membrane potential9 min · 16 cards
  6. 6. Local response6 min · 12 cards
  7. 7. Excitability and excitation and Nerve fibers8 min · 15 cards
  8. 8. Physiology of synapse7 min · 12 cards
  9. 9. Postsynaptic membrane receptors4 min
  10. 10. Neurotransmitters4 min · 15 cards
  11. 11. Skeletal muscle. Mechanism of muscle contraction.6 min · 25 cards
  12. 12. Types of muscle contraction8 min · 20 cards
  13. 13. Smooth muscle5 min · 16 cards
  14. 14. Blood: functions and properties5 min · 18 cards
  15. 15. Red blood cells:4 min · 20 cards
  16. 16. White blood cells6 min · 20 cards
  17. 17. Hemostasis and blood coagulation6 min · 20 cards
  18. 18. Fibrinolytic system and physiological inhibitors of blood coagulation.6 min · 22 cards
  19. 19. Innate and acquired immunity7 min · 25 cards
  20. 20. Lymphatic system.4 min · 21 cards
  21. 21. General overview of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of cardiac muscle.10 min · 22 cards
  22. 22. Conduction of Excitation in Cardiac Muscle and Electrocardiography4 min · 16 cards
  23. 23. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Working Myocardium.Mechanics of cardiac contraction.4 min · 11 cards
  24. 24.The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pressure-Volume Diagram, and Cardiac Work5 min · 14 cards
  25. 25. Major determinants of myocardial function: preload, afterload, contractility. Stroke volume and cardiac output.3 min · 11 cards
  26. 26 Regulation of Cardiac Function, Intracardial Autoregulation, and Cardiac Function Curves.6 min · 11 cards
  27. 27. Extracardial Regulation of Cardiac Performance: Neural and Humoral Regulation4 min · 17 cards
  28. 28. Principles of hemodynamics. Pressure-flow relationship. Vascular resistance.4 min · 10 cards
  29. 29. Functional morphology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system. Determinants of arterial blood pressure.7 min · 19 cards
  30. 30. Microcirculation. Transport across the capillary wall. Blood flow in the veins.6 min · 16 cards
  31. 31. Regulation of blood flow. Local and systemic control of blood flow.7 min · 20 cards
  32. 32. Regulating the Flow: Short-Term and Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure.6 min · 10 cards
  33. 33. Pulmonary circulation. Special circulations: coronary, cerebral, splanchnic, cutaneous.7 min · 26 cards
  34. 34. Respiration: general overview. Structure and function of the airways and alveoli. Control of bronchial tone. General Overview of Respiration.5 min · 18 cards
  35. 35. Mechanics of respiration. Pressures in the respiratory system (alveolar, pleural and transpulmonary). Elastic resistance to breathing. Surface tension; surfactant. Pressure‐volume relationship.5 min · 20 cards
  36. 36. Pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacity Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation.5 min · 22 cards
  37. 37. Non‐elastic resistance to breathing. Flow‐volume relationship. Work of breathing.5 min · 15 cards
  38. 38. Gas diffusion. Physical basis of gas diffusion. Composition of the atmospheric, inspired, alveolar and expired air. Gas diffusion in the lungs and tissues.5 min · 18 cards
  39. 39. Ventilation‐perfusion ratio. Matching of ventilation and perfusion.5 min · 15 cards
  40. 40. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen delivery to the tissues4 min · 16 cards
  41. 41.Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Dissociation curve of carbaminehemoglobin.4 min · 13 cards
  42. 42.Regulation of respiration. Medullary respiratory centre. Chemical con trol of respiration: central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Reflex (n on‐chemical) control of respiration.6 min · 17 cards
  43. 43.General overview of the gastrointestinal system. Motor function of the ga strointestinal system: segmenting and peristaltic movements, migrating myo electric complex.5 min · 15 cards
  44. 44. Chewing and swallowing. Gastric motor activity. Chewing (Mastication).5 min · 12 cards
  45. 45. Motor activity of the small intestine and the colon. Vomiting. Defecation.7 min · 16 cards
  46. 46.Secretory activity of the digestive system– overview. Mechanisms of secretion of electrolytes, water, mucus and gastrointestinal hormones.6 min · 18 cards
  47. 47. Composition and functions of the saliva and gastric juice. Regulation of saliva and gastric juice secretion.3 min · 15 cards
  48. 48. Composition and functions of the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions. Regulation.5 min · 16 cards
  49. 49. Digestion in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristics. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids3 min · 17 cards
  50. 50. Absorption in the gastrointestinal system: general characteristic . Absorption of the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. General Characteristics4 min · 16 cards
  51. 51. Absorption of electrolytes, water, vitamins and bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract5 min · 16 cards
  52. 52. Functions of the liver5 min · 15 cards
  53. 53. Metabolism: general characteristics. Carbohydrate metabolism. Regulation of blood glucose level.3 min · 15 cards
  54. 54. Protein and lipid metabolism. Regulation4 min
  55. 55. Energy metabolism and energy balance. Basal metabolic rate. Control of body mass.6 min · 15 cards
  56. 56. General principles of nutrition. Essential nutrients3 min · 13 cards
  57. 57. Vitamins and minerals.1 min · 9 cards
  58. 58 and 59 -Body temperature and thermal balance in the body. Mechanisms of thermoregulation, Thermoregulation in warm and cold environment and during acclimatization. Fever5 min · 14 cards
  59. 60. Renal functions. Functional morphology and blood supply to the kidneys. Major processes of urine formation. Glomerular filtration.5 min · 18 cards
  60. 61. Tubular transport mechanisms. Transport in the various elements of the tubular system of the nephron. Renal clearance9 min · 18 cards
  61. 62. Concentration and dilution of urine. Volume and composition of urine. Diuretics4 min · 14 cards
  62. 63. Regulation of renal functions. Intrinsic renal control mechanisms. Hormonal and neural regulation of renal functions. Renal control of arterial pressure7 min · 17 cards
  63. 64. Physiology of the skin8 min · 15 cards
  64. 65. Volume and composition of body fluids. Water and electrolyte balance in the body.4 min · 14 cards
  65. 66. Body fluid volume and osmolality dynamics. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance5 min · 18 cards
  66. 67. Regulation of acid-base balance. Buffer systems. Respiratory and renal control of pH.7 min · 21 cards
  67. 68. General principles of endocrine regulation. Chemical classes of hormones and hormonal mechanism of action. Regulation of hormonal secretion.7 min · 21 cards
  68. 69. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Hormones of the posterior pituitary3 min · 20 cards
  69. 70. Adenohypophyseal hormones: physiological effects and control of their secretion4 min · 16 cards
  70. 71. Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action, physiological effects and control of their secretion.4 min · 15 cards
  71. 72. Adrenal cortex: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion5 min · 15 cards
  72. 73. Adrenal medulla: hormones, physiological effects and control of their secretion.3 min · 20 cards
  73. 74. Hormones of the endocrine pancreas: physiological effects and control of their secretion7 min · 20 cards
  74. 75. Control of calcium-phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D3.7 min · 20 cards
  75. 76.Male reproductive system. Endocrine function of the testes and its control. Spermatogenesis.5 min · 17 cards
  76. 77. Female reproductive system. Endocrine and reproductive functions of the ovaries. Regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycle6 min · 25 cards
  77. 78. Female reproductive system. Pregnancy and childbirth. Lactation5 min · 25 cards
  78. 79. General overview of the functions of the nervous system. Physiology of the neuron: amplitude and frequency encoding of information, axonal transport. Glia7 min · 21 cards
  79. 80. Reflex activity of the nervous system. Organization of neurons in neural networks. Inhibition in the central nervous system7 min · 20 cards
  80. 81. Functional organization of the sensory systems. Processing of sensory information4 min · 18 cards
  81. 82. Somatosensory system: general overview. Mechanoreceptors. Thermoreceptors. Nociceptors.7 min · 17 cards
  82. 83. Somatosensory system: afferent pathways and central processing of information5 min · 10 cards
  83. 84. Physiology of pain. Primary and secondary pain. Visceral pain. Antinociceptive system.6 min · 10 cards
  84. 85. Auditory system. Functional morphology of the ear. Sound transmission in the middle and inner ear. Organ of Corti5 min · 10 cards
  85. 86. Auditory system. Sound transduction. Central processing of the auditory information. Encoding of sound frequency, loudness and localization6 min · 7 cards
  86. 87. Visual sensory system. Functional morphology of the eye. Image formation. Accommodation. Refraction abnormalities5 min · 8 cards
  87. 88. Visual receptors. Light transduction mechanisms. Organization of the retinal neural network.6 min
  88. 89. Central processing of visual information. Light adaptation. Visual acuity6 min · 25 cards
  89. 90. Color vision. Eye movements and binocular vision.5 min · 29 cards
  90. 91. Olfactory sensory system6 min · 28 cards
  91. 92. Gustatory sensory system.5 min · 26 cards
  92. 93. Control of movement. Spinal control of movement4 min · 33 cards
  93. 94. Vestibular apparatus.5 min · 34 cards
  94. 95. Brain stem control of movement. Regulation of muscle tone. Regulation of posture.4 min · 28 cards
  95. 96. Motor functions of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum6 min · 27 cards
  96. 97. Bioelectrical brain activity. Origin and characteristics of the electroencephalogram. Reticular activating system: descending and ascending effects6 min · 33 cards
  97. 98. Physiology of sleep. Control of the sleep-wake cycle. Biological rhythms.7 min · 32 cards
  98. 99. Autonomic nervous system. Functional organization of the autonomic nervous system. Characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. Neurotransmitters and receptors4 min · 26 cards
  99. 100. Autonomic control of the visceral organs. Autonomic reflexes.3 min · 17 cards
  100. 101. Integration of the autonomic functions. Hypothalamus. Limbic system. Physiological bases of emotions and motivation.5 min · 22 cards
  101. 102. Higher functions of the nervous system. Association areas of cortex. Lateralization of cerebral functions: human speech.4 min · 25 cards
  102. 103. Neurophysiological basis of learning and memory4 min · 26 cards
  103. 104. Physiology of exercise. Cardiovascular adaptation. Body fluids and electrolytes during exercise.6 min · 21 cards
  104. 105. Respiratory adaptation to exercise. Neuroendocrine and thermoregulatory response to exercise.4 min · 22 cards

Physiology at other universities

  • MU Pleven, Medicine17 notes

Other Year 2 subjects

  • Anatomy264 notes
  • Biochemistry70 notes
  • Biophysics26 notes
  • Microbiology113 notes
  • Preclinics of Dental Prosthetics75 notes

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