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Medicine · Year 4 · MU Sofia

Clinical Pathology

Clinical Pathology is taught in Year 4 of the Medicine degree at the Medical University of Sofia, and its syllabus runs in two chapters. General Pathology comes first, covering cell injury and adaptation, intracellular and extracellular accumulations, necrosis, haemodynamic disorders, inflammation, immunity, repair, neoplasia and congenital anomalies. Systemic Pathology follows, working through the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal, haematological, reproductive, endocrine and nervous systems before ending with infectious diseases, tuberculosis and syphilis. AceMed has notes for all 138 topics, about five hours of reading in all, with 171 labelled pictures, mostly micrographs and gross specimens, a handful of tables, frequent memory aids and worked clinical examples, plus 1,964 flashcards.

The full MU Sofia syllabus for Clinical Pathology, Medicine, Year 4: 138 topics, every one with a free study note (5 hours of reading), and 1,964 flashcards. Updated 4 November 2026.

syllabus topics
138
free notes
138
flashcards
1,964
of reading
5 h
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Syllabus

The topics in the order of the MU Sofia syllabus. Each one with a note opens in AceMed once you're signed in.

General Pathology 46 topics

  1. 1. General and Special Pathology objectives. Basic terminology, purpose, tasks, methods.2 min · 15 cards
  2. 2. Cellular injury; common causes and mechanisms.2 min · 12 cards
  3. 3. Reversible cell injury due to compromised ionic transfer (cellular swelling): granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, hydropic change.2 min · 14 cards
  4. 4. Lipid accumulations in parenchymal and stromal cells. Lipid phagocytosis.2 min · 9 cards
  5. 5. Complex lipid accumulations: lipidoses.1 min · 11 cards
  6. 6. Abnormal intracellular glycogen accumulations. Glycogenoses.2 min · 15 cards
  7. 7. Hemoglobin-derived pigment accumulations. Hemosiderosis. Types of jaundice.3 min · 16 cards
  8. 8. Non-hemoglobin-derived pigment accumulations: melanin, lipofuscin.2 min · 13 cards
  9. 9. Exogenous pigments – types, organ sites.1 min · 13 cards
  10. 10. Extracellular accumulations: hyalinosis; fibrinoid swelling.3 min · 14 cards
  11. 11. Extracellular accumulations: amyloidosis. Types of amyloidosis, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross organ pathomorphology. Histochemical staining methods.3 min · 15 cards
  12. 12. Extracellular accumulations of calcium and uric acid salts.1 min · 11 cards
  13. 13. Metabolic and structural abnormalities of collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. Mucopolysaccharidoses.5 min · 16 cards
  14. 14. Irreversible cell injury – cell death. Types of necrosis; microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Apoptosis.8 min · 15 cards
  15. 15. Ischemic necrosis – infarction. Morphogenesis. Types of infarctions – anemic, hemorrhagic. Organ sites. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.2 min · 16 cards
  16. 16. Clinico-anatomical types of necrosis: gangrene, decubitus, sequestration.2 min · 15 cards
  17. 17. Hemorrhages – types, pathogenesis; denomination according to organ site.2 min · 15 cards
  18. 18. Hemodynamic disorders. Arterial hyperemia. Venous congestion – systemic and organ-specific.4 min · 16 cards
  19. 19. Systemic hemodynamic disorders – peripheral tissue hypoperfusion (shock). DIC syndrome.5 min · 16 cards
  20. 20. Thrombosis. Pathogenesis, thrombus morphology, types. Outcome of thrombosis.2 min · 15 cards
  21. 21. Embolism – arterial and venous; types, sites of origin, target organs.4 min · 16 cards
  22. 22. Edema – types, pathogenesis and pathomorphology according to organ site.2 min · 15 cards
  23. 23. Inflammation. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis, types.1 min · 14 cards
  24. 24. Inflammation. Inflammatory mediators.5 min · 14 cards
  25. 25. Acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation, types of inflammatory cells, tissue alterations.2 min · 14 cards
  26. 26. Chronic inflammation. Etiology, types, morphology.1 min · 13 cards
  27. 27. Specific inflammation in rheumatism, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis. Histological characteristics of granulomas.3 min · 15 cards
  28. 28. Specific inflammation in leprosy, typhoid enteritis, mycoses and parasitic infections. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology of organ site alterations.2 min · 16 cards
  29. 29. Immunity. Types of immunity. Pathological immune reactions. Pathomorphology.6 min · 14 cards
  30. 30. Transplantation immunity. Rejection of tissue transplants.3 min · 15 cards
  31. 31. Regeneration and repair: types of physiologic renewal and posttraumatic repair in different cells and organs.2 min · 13 cards
  32. 32. Regeneration and repair: wound and bone healing. Stages of the reparative process.2 min · 14 cards
  33. 33. Adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 14 cards
  34. 34. Adaptations: atrophy. Types of atrophy. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 14 cards
  35. 35. Neoplasia: etiology, pathogenesis, classification and nomenclature.2 min · 15 cards
  36. 36. Neoplastic growth, histogenesis and structure characteristics. Precancer. General histological features of benign, malignant; epithelial and mesenchyme tumors.4 min · 15 cards
  37. 37. Connective tissue benign & malignant neoplasms. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 12 cards
  38. 38. Benign & malignant neoplasms of smooth and striated muscle. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 14 cards
  39. 39. Benign & malignant neoplasms of vessel walls.1 min · 15 cards
  40. 40. Osteogenic sarcoma. Malignant synovioma. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 13 cards
  41. 41. Benign & malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 14 cards
  42. 42. Teratogenous neoplasms – teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 14 cards
  43. 43. Congenital anomalies. Classification. Exogenous and endogenous teratogens.1 min · 13 cards
  44. 44. Gene mutations. Chromosomal syndromes and diseases. Blastopathies – double malformations.2 min · 16 cards
  45. 45. Embryopathies. Cardiovascular system malformations.2 min · 12 cards
  46. 46. Embryopathies. Malformations of central nervous system and limbs.3 min · 15 cards

Systemic Pathology 92 topics

  1. 47. Atherosclerosis. Etiology, pathogenesis and general characteristics of atherosclerotic vessel alterations.1 min · 16 cards
  2. 48. Atherosclerosis. Types of atherosclerotic microscopic & gross pathomorphological changes. Organ site damage in atherosclerosis. Complications.2 min · 12 cards
  3. 49. Ischemic heart disease: myocardial infarction. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Stages, complications, outcomes.3 min · 13 cards
  4. 50. Chronic ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology; systemic and organ-specific manifestations.1 min · 8 cards
  5. 51. Systemic arterial hypertension: vascular and organ-specific pathomorphological changes.2 min · 14 cards
  6. 52. Pulmonary hypertension. Etiology, types. Cor pulmonale. Right ventricle and pulmonary vessel microscopic & gross pathomorphology.2 min · 14 cards
  7. 53. Endocarditis: classification, etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology. Infective endocarditis – acute and subacute forms.2 min · 16 cards
  8. 54. Valvular heart disease: classification, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.9 min · 16 cards
  9. 55. Myocarditis: classification, pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  10. 56. Pericarditis: etiology. Pathomorphological types.2 min · 15 cards
  11. 57. Cardiomyopathies: classification, pathomorphology.2 min · 14 cards
  12. 58. Vasculitis: classification, pathomorphology. Types of aneurysms.3 min · 13 cards
  13. 59. Systemic connective tissue diseases. Lupus erythematosus. Polyarteritis nodosa.3 min · 15 cards
  14. 60. Systemic connective tissue diseases – rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).3 min · 13 cards
  15. 61. Bronchitis – acute and chronic. Bronchiolitis. Pathomorphology.4 min · 15 cards
  16. 62. Bronchiectasis – congenital and acquired. Bronchiectatic disease. Complications.2 min · 15 cards
  17. 63. Lobar (croupous) pneumonia. Stages of development. Complications.2 min · 14 cards
  18. 64. Lobular pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathomorphology.1 min · 13 cards
  19. 65. Interstitial and viral pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 11 cards
  20. 66. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Etiology, pathogenesis, pulmonary pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  21. 67. Pulmonary emphysema: classification, etiology, pathogenesis. Chronic obstructive diffuse emphysema.2 min · 15 cards
  22. 68. Pulmonary emphysema: acute, compensatory, focal, interstitial and senile emphysema.1 min · 13 cards
  23. 69. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinico-pathological forms. Pathomorphological changes in the lungs and heart.1 min · 9 cards
  24. 70. Atelectasis – types. Pathomorphology. Acute massive pulmonary collapse (post-surgical atelectasis).1 min · 14 cards
  25. 71. Hypersensitive pulmonary diseases. Bronchial asthma. Eosinophilic pneumonia. Allergic granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss syndrome).3 min · 16 cards
  26. 72. Pneumoconioses. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, pathomorphological forms, complications.2 min · 16 cards
  27. 73. Primary tumors of the lung and pleura – benign & malignant. Histological and macroscopic forms.4 min · 16 cards
  28. 74. Diseases of esophagus: esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia, diverticulae, hiatal hernia. Esophageal tumors – benign & malignant.4 min · 15 cards
  29. 75. Acute and chronic gastritis – etiology, pathogenesis, types; microscopic & gross pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  30. 76. Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer – etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology, complications.2 min · 14 cards
  31. 77. Benign gastric tumors – of epithelial and mesenchyme origin. Stromal tumors – GIST.3 min · 16 cards
  32. 78. Gastric carcinoma: etiology and pathogenesis. Precancer. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Clinico-morphological methods of early diagnostics.2 min · 16 cards
  33. 79. Chronic enterocolitis – types. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, Whipple disease. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.4 min · 16 cards
  34. 80. Intestinal obstruction (ileus) – types. Mesenteric thrombosis. Complications.1 min · 14 cards
  35. 81. Peritonitis – etiology, pathomorphologic forms according to the types of inflammation.1 min · 12 cards
  36. 82. Tumors of the small intestine: epithelial/mesenchyme, neuroendocrine, lymphomas.1 min · 13 cards
  37. 83. Appendicitis – types according to etiology, pathogenesis and forms of inflammation. Tumors of the appendix – epithelial, neuroendocrine.1 min · 13 cards
  38. 84. Benign tumors and carcinoma of the colon. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Role of fibrocolonoscopy in early diagnostics.3 min · 13 cards
  39. 85. Primal and secondary (metastatic) tumors of the peritoneum.1 min · 13 cards
  40. 86. Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Basic morphologic classification. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.4 min · 16 cards
  41. 87. Liver cirrhosis – definition, classification, progression. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.2 min · 14 cards
  42. 88. Portal hypertension – pathogenesis, vascular and organ-specific manifestations, complications.1 min · 14 cards
  43. 89. Primal hepatic carcinoma – hepatocellular/cholangiocellular. Etiology & pathogenesis. Secondary (metastatic) liver tumors. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology; differential diagnosis.2 min · 14 cards
  44. 90. Acute and chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis. Liver abscess. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.3 min · 16 cards
  45. 91. Cholelithiasis. Types of stones. Complications. Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.1 min · 14 cards
  46. 92. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.4 min · 16 cards
  47. 93. Tumors of exocrine and endocrine pancreas.2 min · 15 cards
  48. 94. Primal glomerular diseases – glomerulonephrites. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.4 min · 16 cards
  49. 95. Inflammatory tubulointerstitial renal diseases – acute and chronic pyelonephritis.3 min · 15 cards
  50. 96. Nephrocirrhosis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification. Renal failure.3 min · 14 cards
  51. 97. Urolithiasis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Types of stones. Clinico-morphological characteristics. Complications.1 min · 16 cards
  52. 98. Inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder (cystitis). Pathomorphological classification. Tumors of the kidney and urinary tract.2 min · 15 cards
  53. 99. Primal diseases of bone marrow – hemolytic and iron deficiency anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphologic characteristics of target organs.3 min · 13 cards
  54. 100. Primal diseases of bone marrow – megaloblastic and pernicious anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphologic characteristics of target organs.2 min · 13 cards
  55. 101. Acute and chronic leukemia. Pathomorphology of target organs: bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes.3 min · 14 cards
  56. 102. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease – basic histologic types. Target organs.2 min · 15 cards
  57. 103. Lymphadenitis. Types of lymphadenitis according to histological characteristics.1 min · 14 cards
  58. 104. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic carcinoma.2 min · 14 cards
  59. 105. Inflammatory diseases of the testis. Testicular tumors - types according to histological classification and origin.2 min · 15 cards
  60. 106. Uterine body carcinoma. Etiology & pathogenesis. Precancer. Histological classification.1 min · 16 cards
  61. 107. Precancer of the uterine cervix. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Importance of early diagnostic methods – cytology, histology.2 min · 13 cards
  62. 108. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.1 min · 11 cards
  63. 109. Ovarian epithelial tumors – benign & malignant. Germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Classification.2 min · 15 cards
  64. 110. Fibrocystic breast disease. Benign tumors: epithelial and mixed.2 min · 15 cards
  65. 111. Breast carcinoma. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinico-morphological types and histological variants.2 min · 16 cards
  66. 112. Toxemia of pregnancy. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damage.1 min · 12 cards
  67. 113. Postpartum uterine infection. Postpartum sepsis. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damage.1 min · 9 cards
  68. 114. Pituitary gland diseases: acromegaly, hypercortisolism (Iscenco Cushing syndrome), hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site pathomorphology.3 min · 16 cards
  69. 115. Thyroid epithelial hyperplasia. Hypothyroidism. Myxedema.3 min · 16 cards
  70. 116. Hyperthyroidism. Graves-Basedow's disease (toxic diffuse goiter).1 min · 14 cards
  71. 117. Thyroiditis – types, pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  72. 118. Neoplasms of the thyroid: classification, pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  73. 119. Hyper- and hypoparathyroidism. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site alterations. Tumors of parathyroid glands.2 min · 15 cards
  74. 120. Diabetes mellitus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Pathomorphology of organ-site alterations. Complications.3 min · 13 cards
  75. 121. Endocrine pancreas neoplasia. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.1 min · 14 cards
  76. 122. Acute and chronic suprarenal insufficiency. Etiology, pathogenesis and clinico-pathological correlations.2 min · 15 cards
  77. 123. Suprarenal gland tumors – primal and secondary.2 min · 13 cards
  78. 124. Inflammatory diseases of Central nervous system. Meningitis, encephalitis – types according to etiology and pathomorphology.3 min · 16 cards
  79. 125. Cerebrovascular disease.4 min · 16 cards
  80. 126. Demyelinating diseases of Central nervous system.2 min · 16 cards
  81. 127. Tumors of Central and Peripheral nervous systems.3 min · 16 cards
  82. 128. Infectious diseases. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification according to organ site and transmission mechanism.4 min · 14 cards
  83. 129. Airborne transmitted infections – influenza, measles, scarlet fever, parotitis. Organ site pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  84. 130. Insect vector transmitted infections – lime disease, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ site pathomorphology.2 min · 15 cards
  85. 131. Infections transmitted by direct physical contact – anthrax, tetanus, rabies. Organ site pathomorphology.3 min · 14 cards
  86. 132. Gastrointestinal infections – salmonellosis, shigellosis.2 min · 16 cards
  87. 133. AIDS – etiology, pathogenesis, organ site damage, pathomorphological features. Complications.3 min · 14 cards
  88. 134. Sepsis. Septicemia. Septicopyemia. Chroniosepsis. Organ damage characteristics.3 min · 16 cards
  89. 135. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Primary TB complex morphology. Complications. Progressive hematogenous tuberculosis – generalized or pulmonary.3 min · 14 cards
  90. 136. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis – classification, organ site damage. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.2 min · 14 cards
  91. 137. Acquired and congenital syphilis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Stages of development. Primary syphilitic lesion. Organ site damage.2 min · 11 cards
  92. 138. Tertiary syphilis. Pathomorphology of syphilitic specific inflammation (gumma). Visceral changes. Neurosyphilis.2 min · 14 cards

Other Year 4 subjects

  • ENT (Otorhinolaryngology)52 notes
  • Hygiene and Occupational Medicine78 notes
  • Internal Diseases and Therapy139 notes
  • Neurology88 notes
  • Nuclear Medicine43 notes
  • Ophthalmology91 notes

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